Journal of Language Studies

Abstract

Four Quartets (1942) is a sequence of four poems:
'Burnt Norton' (1936), 'East Coker' (1940), 'The Dry Salvages'
(1941) and 'Little Gidding' (1942). The main sources of the
mystical symbols in T.S. Eliot's masterpiece, Four Quartets,
are some of Saint John of the Cross's writings and this has not
been given its due of study. This paper aims at exploring St.
John of the Cross's influence on Eliot's Four Quartets,
especially his Dark Night of the Soul and The Ascent of
Mount Carmel. The downward movement, the descent into
the inner darkness and the symbols of ascending and
descending of the stairs in Eliot's poems were among the
outstanding mystical symbols used by John of the Cross. Eliot
also strongly echoes John of the Cross in his emphases that
one must die to self and undergo mortification of the body
before one can hope for the perfect union of the soul with
God. The paper attempts to investigate Eliot's use of these and
other symbols relating them to their counterparts in the works
of St. John of the Cross .

Abstract

The present study discusses the postmodern narrative technique in Louise Erdrich‟s novel Love Medicine. Though the novel is one of the richest models of postmodern literary writings, the paper confines itself to four prominent perspectives of postmodernism which are related, covertly or overtly, to the socio-political crisis of the Indian Americans or as they want to call themselves the Native Americans. Identity, fragmentation, postcoloniality and multi-narration are taken in focus to show how the mixed-blood writer Louise Erdrich has mixed the oral traditions of her tribe with the contemporary most recent narrative techniques to produce a landmark in the Western literary canon.

Abstract

This study sheds light on two of the basic language skills(reading skill and speaking skill) through which students can perform sight translation efficiently. The performance of the students depends on the way the students can employ these skills in order to reach at a meaningful message as they rely on their language skills specifically the receptive skills such as the reading skill and productive skills such as the speaking skill. The aim of this study is to analyze the students' points of view concerning the two skills for mastering the process of Sight Translation (SiT), and to what extent the important role and impact of such skills in rendering the Source Text (ST) into the Target Message ( TM) for the audience. Ninety- four students of the second year / Department of Translation / College of Arts / University of Tikrit and University of Wasit, ( 2018-2019) have been used as samples in this study to analyze their responses on items in a closed-items questionnaire. This questionnaire contains fifteen items which cover the important aspects on

Abstract

This study examined the language learning and motivational effects of a video project, including students‟ perceptions of the processes, and the impact of peer evaluations. In this study many online materials and integrating music and pictures is used to illustrate their ideas. It
showed that the language learning effects were more obvious in the low proficiency group than in the high proficiency one. Results from t-test analyses of pre- and post- motivation questionnaires showed that students
increased their learning motivation, and interview data showed that students felt that making videos boosted their confidence and improved their technological capability. An examination of peer assessments of videos showed that they promoted peer learning and encouraged self-reflection. This study‟s findings support the adoption of video projects with lower proficiency students in order to stimulate language production.

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to highlight metaphor in both Arabic and English languages as well as to explore the main problems encountered in translating Arabic metaphor into English. The present paper tries to underline the strategies followed by translators from different cultures as they tackle this culture-bound subject and how failing to notice this rhetorical device may produce fallacious translation.
The paper hypothesizes that perfect translation of Arabic metaphor necessitates a good knowledge of Arabic and English cultures. The correct choice of translation strategy adopted would make the TL receptor experience the same effect experienced by the SL receptor. The paper hypothesizes that , by the virtue of the cultural breach that lies between Arabic and English, the inexpert translators would produce literal translation in their attempt to translate Arabic metaphor. Consequently, they would adhere to the form at the expense of the meaning.

Abstract

Recently, homosexuality has become a very widespread phenomenon in the world even in the eastern Islamic societies though it is considered a forbidden behavior. It is, therefore, necessary to search behind this problem. The current paper aims at exploring the socio-political aspect of poetry as related to the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community. The analysis will be conducted through the poem "A Feminist or a Womanist" by Stacey Ann Chinn which is actually a warning against such approaches. Namely, she does so by developing the poem over an imaginary conversation with another woman who is asking her about her lesbianism. So, as she is being asked in a manner that she finds offensive, she replies to the imaginary conversation partner that she is not asking the right questions. She considered that the issue is not about being lesbian but about being a woman. She basically projects the idea that the problem is in

Abstract

This research is concerned with importance of the role of using Structured Story Reading (SSR) and Story Retell (SR) strategy on the achievement of the second year university students in English short story. The participants of the study consists of the whole second year students of English Department at College of Education for Humanities at Tikrit University during the academic year 2018-2019. A sample consists of sixty students has been selected and distributed into two equal groups to be an experimental groups (A and B ) and thirty students to be a control group. They have been taught the same English material for a period of twelve weeks. The experimental group(A) is taught by using Structured story reading strategy While the experimental group (B) is taught by using Story retell strategy and the control group is taught by traditional strategy. test It has been constructed an achievement and applied to three groups of students , at

Abstract

Eloquence (Al-Bayan) is of great importance in uncovering the
graphic facts. It is the secret in which the minds are competing and the
dictionaries pass through the pens which may be hidden by many
scholars and scholars. The scholars and commentators studied the
Quranic text in all its aspects, and its signs, Which may lie behind the
miraculous text, especially the mysteries that relate to its
miraculousness.
The paper is divided into two sections: Section One is devoted to the
levels of surprise: the strength of surprise and the surprise of the
undesirable. The second is devoted to the subjects of surprise, namely
the surprise in metaphor, movement in surprise without itha (if) and the
wonderful movement among times, places and events. The paper ends
with a concusion which sums up the results of the study.

Abstract

Revolution and military coups have a real impact on
literature. We can see this in Ahlam Mostaganemi's novel The Memory
of the Body. One can find an evident impact and implementation of the
values of the Algerian revolution during the 1950s. The writer was able
to make her characters a reflection of the spirit of revolution rather than
its form. This paper, therefore, is an attempt to explore the major
influences of the Algerian Revolution on the image of woman in
literature. It is not surprising that a novelist like Ahlam Mostaganemi is
able to make a part of her spirit a real part of the memory of the
revolution and the memory of the place (Constantine), of suspended
bridges; it is not a coincidence that it is the creativity of the writer .

Abstract

Abu Tammam is an outstanding poetic who had
greatly influenced Arabic poetry. His enormous
knowledge left its prominent effects on his literary
works especially the poetry in which he Focused his
efforts on the aspects of rhetoric and composition,
maintaining a historical reference, and cultural
affiliation that made him unique to many of his peers
in the performance of meaning and the context of
poetic texts.

Abstract

This paper aims at exploring the phonological lesson
according to Abi Omer Al-Dani who is considered one of the greatest
scholars of Qur'anic recitation and one of the founers of the science of
Qur'anc recitation. The paper examines the places of articulation against
the views of Saybawaih and other scientist. Al-Dani focused on the
places of articulation beginning with the glottis and ending with the lips
following in that the method of Saybawaih. The paperis divided into
many sections: one is devoted to Al-Dani's major phonological works in
which he dealt with places of articulation with a brief explanation of the
major points that recurred in them, an attempt to define plae of
articulation according to Al-Dani, the number of places of articulation
and their sequence, an attempt to explain Al-Dani's views and to
comment on them, and a conclusion which sums up the results of the
study.

Abstract

Any reflection on a notional taxonomy, previously used through
Arab phonetic studies, is immediately challenged by the diversity of
infinite uses of divergent concepts that overlap and interfering,
tending, in short, to confine themselves by the semantic charge they
convey in gnoseological fields other than those in which they
originated, and by the ambiguity which restricts the functional and
usable dimension of other concepts, especially those which the
precursors have failed to establish as levers of the construction of the
linguistic norm with all the necessary rigor allowing them to codify
language levels, starting with the phonetic and lexical system, to
reach the semantic level, and this, like the Légèreté et lourise, Point
of articulation, Phoneme and Grapheme, Principal and accessory,
Rhythm and cadence. As a result, the need has arisen to lay the
ground work for a new conception supported by an operative device
capable of decapitating the signs of these conceptual variations and of
elucidating its effects manifest through the historicity of the Arabic

Abstract

Ala' Al Aswani's novel CHICAGO belongs to
postmodernist Arabian novels. The study attempts to identify
the most important technical and objective issues dealt with in
the novel and to reveal the patterns of the novel's discourse.
The study falls into an introduction, four chapters and a
conclusion which sums up the findings of the study. The
study made use of findings of cultural criticism and did not
deny the idiomatic and conceptual overlap, which serves and
enriches the process of tbe research and makes it more agile
in responding to the requirements of the study.

Abstract

Jordanian novelist QasemTawfik, generating
the largest property ahead with the novels he wrote in modern
Arabic literature, criticizing the tradition sinherent in Arab
society and sometimes is pushing the boundaries of
imagination.So, we aim to dive deeper into the style and
literary language used by Qasem Tawfiq in creating his
works, and to see the hidden facts behind the erotic narratives
used by the author. In this article we discuss some of the
features of the literary language used by Qasem Tawfiq like
courage, rationality, and symbolism. In addition, to disclose
some of the hidden aspects of the society of sexuality that
does not ignore the sexuality here and to emphasize whether
the goal is to emphasize. This point is one of the goals of our
article and if we talk about other objectives; The aim of the
course is to touch upon the author's philosophical philosophy
and his courageous literary style

Abstract

This paper studies the negation of conditional
sentences in Arabic language by using mathematical
applications with three steps. The first step is to convert the
conditional sentence to be negated from the Arabic to the
mathematical statement. The second step is to negate the
mathematical conditional statement obtained in the first step
using the negatives in mathematical logic. The third step is
to convert the mathematical conditional statement obtained
in the second step to an Arabic sentence.

Abstract

This paper deals with an important topic of the
contemporary textual linguistics and its associations on Arabic
Syntax. It tries to rid the theoretical discourse of the textual
linguistics of its condemnation of the linguistic heritage. The
paper focuses first on transgression for being a pivotal issue in
which the textual linguistics established its two most
important theoretical approaches, namely (transgression of the
sentence limits). The study, then, deals with the Arabian reaction
facing these two approaches. The re-action started at
the hands of Dr. Ahmad Mohammad Abdul-Radhi in his book
Towards the Text: between Originality and Modernism, where
he argues that Arabic syntax should be the syntax of speech
rather than the sentence, through a view which aims at giving
syntax its due of importance and in this concern he is against
the label of transgression.

Abstract

Lula is one of the most important tools of the grammatical
requirement in the Holy Quran. Because of its significant impact in the
statement of the most important meanings of the verse in which it was
received and its linguistic and grammatical significance.
The study dealt with the most important opinions of the sculptors in a
statement of the meaning of "Lula" types and aspects of the literature,
and then take samples of the types of "Lula" in the Koran and studied
analytical grammar based on the most important grammar books and
interpretations.
Therefore, the research included an introduction and a preface, in which
the statement of the meaning of "Lula" and its composition and what its
useful grammar and how to enter the types of sentences in Arabic.
The research dealt with two topics: The first topic dealt with two
requirements: First: the statement of the aspects of "Lula" Arabism and

Abstract

In this research, a reference is made to the book entitled “
Siasatnama” by Khawaja Nidhamul-Mulk. No important indicator is
spotted but only the topic of justice. Thus, the research is entitled
"justice in the Siasatnama by Khawaja Nidhamul-Mulk”.
Based on this, thinkers explore the history of political thought
starting with the ideas of Greeks, looking for the visions of Plato and
Aristotle, and pointing to the roots of political schools. But Khawaja
Nidhamul-Mulk did not address any old political school from Greece or
elsewhere; and if the statements of Khawaja Nidhamul-Mulk and his
policy for nearly 30 years in the ministry of Seljuks are reviewed, there
is nothing but social justice, fighting injustice and encouraging the
expanding of science.
The research is divided into three sections; the first is related to
the following topics:
- Khawaja Nidhamul-Mulks Biography
- ministry of Nidhamul-Mulk
- the mysterious killing of Nidhamul-Mulk

Abstract

The research entitled (Effect of syntax level in
learning the second language - Kurdish and Arabic language model).
The aim of the research is to determine the effect of syntactic structures
especially phrase structure in the process of learning the second
language. The research is divided into three sections. The first section
presents a theoretical framework on linguistic concepts and theories in
the process of learning the second language. In the second part of the
research we identified the syntactic structures and phrases in the
Kurdish language. Among the phrases: noun phrase, verb phrase, adverb
phrase and adjective phrase. We also defined concepts; such as: head,
complement and adjunct in the structure of the internal structure of the
phrases. We introduced syntax, sentence structure, and phrases order in
sentence. The third part of the research is devoted to the syntactic
structures and phrases in the Arabic language. We introduced the
structure and structure of the sentence and the order of phrases syntax
sentence. We discussed the concept of (Ordering) in the Arabic
sentence. We also identified the similarities and differences between the
structure of the phrases in the two languages (Kurdish and Arabic), and
the most important research findings that knowledge of similarities and
Syntactic differences between the two languages is a factor in the
learning of the second language .

Abstract

This paper attempts to explore te psychogical dimension in
the poems of Sheikh Nuri Sheikh Salleh. The paper consists of an
introduction, two chapters and a conclusion. The first part deals with
concepts and terms of psychology. The second part deals with the
relationship of poetry to psychology. The third part deals with history of
the psychological dimension. The fourth and final part talks about
Freud’s analytical theory.The second chapter deals with the foundations
of psychological analysis in the notice of ( Sheikh Nuri Sheikh Salleh)
in theory and practice based on several psychological concepts like
(Optimism, Pessimism , Alienation , Depression , Fear , Narcissism and
death). In conclusion, the main findings of the research were presented