Journal of Language Studies

Abstract

The choice of Al-Nahhas's objections to Abi Obeida is due to the fact that Abi Obeida is weak at syntax and conjunctions and the relation of the conjunctions to the neighbouring words in the holy Qua'an which was attributed to him. Abu Obeida considered this idea a grave mistake. The aim of the paper, therefore, is to shed light on the questions af Al-Nahhas's objections to Abi Obeida's syntactic and linguistic opinions.

Abstract

In English, there are many ways of expressing politeness which
take a wide range of discussion. Opinions and points of view are greatly varied in
their understanding of politeness. This research aims at discussing some theories
and patterns of politeness, and at giving some examples of politeness from the
most respected book for Muslims, Arabic and foreign Muslims, the Holy Quran
that has a great effect on them. To conduct the research and to achieve its aims,
the following are to be hypothesized:
1. Politeness theories proposed by many linguists like Grice and Lakoffespecially the rule of the Pragmatic Competence in making the addressee feel
good- affect greatly the rules of social interaction conducted by many people.
2- The Holy Quran is the base on which Muslims depend in extracting laws
and rules of speech acts.To achieve the aims and verify the hypotheses, the
researchers adopt the following procedure: firstly, finding some verses from the
Holy Quran that give a reference to politeness. Then, to give different
translations for each verse. After that¸ the researchers interpret each verse on the
bases of many scholars and interpreters' perspectives. Finally, discussing each
Qurʼanic text or verse according to the points of view of many scholars and
interpreters.This procedure leads the researchers to conclude that the polite
behavior of a learner brings preparation of the teacher to teach that learner
despite of any difficulty. A human being should remain polite even after getting a
high position. Politeness with the prophets is the grandest kind of politeness.
Moreover, kind and cute words affect people greatly. The last two conclusions
are that personal belongings are kept, and that there is no obedience to anyone in
the disobedience of Allah, though each disobedient should be treated politely.
These conclusions and ratiocinations are followed by some suggestions for further
research that are followed by the bibliography and the appendix.

Abstract

Literary texts can be interpreted as dreams. That is, the same mechanisms used to interpret dreams apply to literary texts as well. Both can be seen as manifestations of the unconscious mind. This paper attempts to interpret James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man through one of the mechanisms of dream interpretation, condensation. Dream condensation is similar to literary metaphors that could produce compact images.

Abstract

Stated by Aristotle in his Poetics, tragic flaw is one of the main characteristics of the tragic hero, a weak point within his personality that leads him to commit fatal mistake during the events and that is what causes his decline. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the tragic hero, Macbeth, is motivated to embrace evil and to be criminal for he is not immune in the opposite of his diseased will to extort the throne. Under the influence of this flaw, Macbeth degenerates from a respected man of great honour to an isolated murderer and then to the expected conclusion, death. The aim of this research is to examine the recalcitrance, one’s illegitimate ambition, as Macbeth’s tragic flaw in depth throwing much light on its significant role in bringing about the idea of treason, killing king Duncan, in Macbeth’s mind and, then, committing the crime.

Abstract

The majority of content words do not have a single meaning for each; rather they associate to a number of senses. When these senses are semantically incompatible in non-neutral contexts, they are then homonymous; otherwise, they are polysemous where polysemous words have an underspecified meaning that encompasses their different senses. To reliably differentiate between these two lexical relations helps very much in the improvement of the retrieval process. In this orientation, this paper highlights the concepts of homonymy and polysemy, as they constitute one of the central issues in semantics and the psychology of word meaning. This paper also has a survey of the different approaches to homonymy and polysemy. These approaches tackle the two phenomena from different perspectives; however, they all aim to display the way such semantic relations are stored, processed, and resolved. Accordingly, a test is applied to the 4th year students of the Departments of English of three colleges (College of Education, College of education for Women (Tikrit University) and college of Education Samara University) and the results show that the students' ability to differentiate between polysemy and homonymy is weak. The reason behind this weakness is the students' shortage in having a widespread storage of vocabulary in relation to these semantic relations; as well as their concentration on the words that are heavily used (common) neglecting the fact that these words may associate to other meanings. In this respect, the researchers suggest that more attention should be paid to these lexical relations for better retrieval processes, better understanding of the basis according to which the lexicographers design word entries, and for better understanding of the mental processing system in accordance with these relations.

Abstract

This study aims at assessing the techniques that the teachers of English in secondary schools use in teaching vocabulary in secondary schools The current study hypothesizes that teachers of English vary in using different techniques in teaching vocabulary ( i.e. there are differences in teachers' techniques in teaching vocabulary ) , and the second hypothesis is : teachers suffer from teaching new vocabularies . This study is limited to techniques of teaching vocabulary used by teachers of English in the secondary schools, for the academic year 2016-2017. A sample of this study consists 30 teachers of English from Tikrit in secondary schools is involved in this study. A questionnaire is constructed to assess teachers techniques in teaching vocabulary. Finally, data are collected and analyzed statistically. The findings of this study reveal that there are various techniques used in teaching vocabulary in terms of the new series English for Iraq and they are different from a teacher to another and from class to another.

Abstract

The clause is a unit lower than the sentence in the hierarchical rank scale of units though, like the sentence, it has a subject and a predicate. Some sentences may contain only one clause and are, therefore, called simple sentences, while others that include more than one clause are called non-simple sentences (compound, complex). The current study focuses on the second type and specifically the complex sentence which typically contains two clauses one of which is the main clause while the other is subordinate since it functions in the structure of the main clause to realize one of four functions, namely, subject(S), object (O), complement(C) or adverbial (A). Subordinate clauses (SCs)can be classified into two categories: nominal SCs and adverbial SCs. The former can function as S, O or C whereas the latter can function as A only. However , some SCs belong to different classes and realize different functions .The study tries to shed light on complex sentences in Arabic since they have not been investigated before.In fact,grammarians of Arabic do not acknowledge the existence of complex sentences in Arabic at all. The study ,therefore, tries to prove that complex sentences and ultimately SCs exist in Arabic just like other live languages. It aims at listing the categories of SCs in Arabic and the functions that can be achieved by each of these categories.

Abstract

Abstract: Al-Summah: The grammatical rule is the final template to be followed in the creation of a sentence useful to the Sunan Arabs in their words, and this rule has been defined by the determinants that are controlled by the grammatical rule, so as not to be confused with another rule, and does not enter the base what was out of them, It is a condition that is required by the rules of the rule, even if it is not a participant in the ruling or any of its obligations, but it is necessary whether or not to nullify it. If the condition does not invalidate the grammatical rule, If the condition is found, it is not binding to govern, and whenever the rules are Syntactic similar was the need to put more than a condition to disperse them, and this condition is a significant impact in different grammarians, and its importance here they appear.
الشرط الذي

Abstract

This paper is a study of the thresholds in Faraj
Yaseen's collection Thursday Stories. These stories were
written and published on Thursdays of each week in the
social networks. The most important thresholds available
are (title, initiation, conclusion). The researcher has set
these thresholds and studied them and revealed the
relations that link between these thresholds and revealed
the role assigned to them in directing the signs. The text in
its entirety, perhaps this Group characterized by heavy
code that suggests it and the breadth of the topics dealt
with.

Abstract

I chose for this research texts from the pre-
Islamic Poetry of Abi al-Balaji to shed light on
exaggeration (eegal). The eegal is one of the mechanisms
of redundancy, which is combined with the metaphorical
image to give it precise details that distinguish the face of
the alum and distinguish it and give it beauty and depth
.that fascinates the recipient to the world of those details

Abstract

The title plays an essential role in understanding
the intrinsic meaning of the literary work and what it conveys
to the receiver. It is one of the important elements of the text,
whether it is a literary text or a different one. Its important
lies in the fact that it is the first threshold through which one
can penetrate to the text landmarks and discover what it might
be, and then provide a modernist vision based on one of the
approaches of modern Criticism.The question is: Does the
title have any influence on the semantic aspect of the Arabic
poem? The paper will trie to answer this question by dealing
with one of the most important poets, the Iraqi poet Hussein
Mardan, whose poems were well known than any other Iraqi
poet.

Abstract

This paper is a study of Al-Samin Al-Halabi's
book Omdat-el-Huffadh in the Interpretation of the Most
Honourable Utterances. The book begins with the
definitions of Harf (letter) according to the prominent
Arab grammarians and then moves to show the types of
Arabic letters such as (weak) and (strong); (meaningful)
and (meaningless); (active) and (inactive); (stressed) and
(unstressed)…etc. Al-Samen's method is to convey the
opinions of Grammarians concerning this subject.