Journal of Language Studies

Abstract

The paper investigates the frequency and the impact of
using Functional formulas in EFL students` fluency and accuracy
used in English teaching in College of Education for Human
Sciences (Ibn Rushd), English Department. This study aims at
finding out the frequency of formulaic sequences’ in students`
fluency- accuracy skills, whether or not the student differences in
the functional formulas in fluency- accuracy competences ,and
investigating differences in types formulaic sequences in fluencyaccuracy
skills. The instruments are (observation and essay writing)
used in investigating the fluency through using observation whereas
in accuracy using essay testing. With 100 functional formulas, on
eighty students second year at English Department. The different
communication skills differ in functions of functional formulaic.
And there is no statistical significant difference between learners’
proficiency levels. Research results show that the frequency of
functional formulaic in the (fluency) is significantly higher than
that of the (accuracy). These findings are obtained by using
independent t-test, SD, Means, which revealed the information
obtained from functional formulaic enables teachers to provide
learners more effective instruction in fluency and accuracy
development.

Abstract

Acquiring grammatical morphemes is the main part in language
acquisition. Brown (1973), de Villiers and de Villiers (1973) and Larsen-Freeman
(1975) mentioned that there is a natural order of acquisition of grammatical
morphemes in English. This study investigates the development of acquisition of {-s
pl.}, {-s ps}, and {-s 3d} by Iraqi EFL learners and to find out if Iraqi EFL learners
follow the same order of acquisition. It is also to differentiate between male and
female learners in their acquisition. The study was based on a grammaticality
judgment test that was administered for 30 participants each academic year
specifically in May 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 respectively. The results of analysis
present the average of the percentage of identification of grammatical morphemes
concerned. The average displays that the acquisition of {-s 3d} more fulfilled, with
an average (66.583%), than {-s pl.}, {-s ps} which are (58.083%) and (50.25%)
respectively. Also the results show that Iraqi male and female learners have the
same order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes but there is a difference in
the averages obtained which reveals that Iraqi female EFL learners acquire these

Abstract

Being a growing religion throughout the world, Islam is
increasingly becoming the ghost which threatens to shatter the established
norms of the Western thinking. Islamophobia, hence, grew as a doctrine which
designates fear and antagonisms towards Islam as a religion and a system of
cultural behavior. It has been widely represented in English literature
throughout various literary ages. This paper is concerned with Islamophobia in
Edmund Spenser‟s epic poem The Faerie Queene (1595), which is ranked
among the greatest works in the history of English literature. Spenser employs
this work to represent his biased attitude to Christianity and to portray the
tyrannous reign of Muslims. The paper argues that Islamophobia, as a concept,
is recently conjured; however it is very old as an ideology in the history of the
human race since it represents the Western mindset which is based on the
prejudice and hatred of the „other.‟ The faerie Queen, which is set in the
medieval ages, reflects a religious antagonism towards Muslims who achieved
great victories over the Crusaders in Jerusalem. The paper, for this reason,
questions whether the term of Islamophobia which is a modern one is fit to
describe the prejudiced tone against Muslims in a sixteenth century work. It
employs Edward Said‟s discourse of the binary opposition, which has been
tackled in his outstanding book Orientalism, as a theoretical framework. It also
comes across his book covering Islam in order to argue that Islam has been
portrayed as a „form of heresy‟, synonymous with terrorism and religious
hysteria.

Abstract

This research investigates the novella written by
Charles Dickens to highlight the concept of the spiritual
journey of transformation. Mysticism is an approach found in
most of Dickens‟ writings. The vital one which is under
current study is ‘A Christmas Carol‟ (1843). The research
illustrates a representation of the title and the purpose of its
choice. However, the main theme that is investigated is the
symbolic spiritual journey held by the three spirits. In his
novel, Dickens tries to highlight that the transformation from
a stingy rich businessman into a humanist is only through
spirituality. According to the seventeenth century, the
mystical type boomed in England (Spurgeon, 1970).
Subsequently, Dickens is affected by this thematic function
and tries to portray this in his writings. Starting from an
emotional barricade at the first chapter, Dickens underscores
that the spiritual journey is the door leading to the salvation
and redemption. He pinpoints that moralities are not restricted
only to the religious occasions. However, mysticism must be
an approach in human life to enter Heaven.

Abstract

Linguistics, the science which studies the humanitarian languages
scientifically, tackled from its beginning in the 19th century certain linguistic aspects
such as, Phonetics, Syntax, Morphology, and Semantics. In the course of time, this
science has witnessed continuous developments so as to include other lingual
disciplines and secondary lingual sciences, like Historical Linguistics,
Psycholinguistics, Contrastive Linguistics, not to mention the other lingual sciences
and theories, such as Language Acquisition and Learning, Discourse Analysis,
Stylistics and others. In spite of the fact that all these disciplines have come about
from General Linguistics, still there is a field which needs a great deal of study and
concern, namely the effect of the religious texts or religion in general on language. It
is a well-known fact that different religious interpretations and exegeses, especially
those dealt with Divine religions, created sectarian outlooks which led to blood sheds
in European Christian communities since the middle ages and recently amongst
Arab and Muslim peoples. This can be attributed to the lack of understanding
languages since they are pregnant with rich heritages of their own, something which
requires the need of dedicating a new branch of linguistic study, namely Religious
Linguistics. The oriental linguists, whether Muslims, Christians and Jews can
contribute greatly in this field of studies since these Jewish, Christian and Islamic
holy books were basically written in their Hebrew, Aramaic/Syriac and Arabic
respectively, and had different translations and exegeses. Such a new field, then, will
lead to revise the holy books, their exegeses, rhetoric, idioms, style and all their
lingual aspects scientifically, and to more understating, harmony and rapprochement
between all the followers of these religions.

Abstract

The study aims to consider the literary philosophy behind the
process of acquiring a standard of knowledge and culture through literature
and specifically tragedies. It tries to show with details the merits of dealing
with literary classes in the process of teaching English at college grade. The
study presents Miller's Death of a Salesman as an example to improve and
update the learner's knowledge and culture. The mechanism of teaching drama
will not be discussed as it may deviate the reader towards other criteria that are
not sought by the study because the purpose is purely literature.

Abstract

The relationship between linguistic studies
and the jurisprudence of jurisprudence is an undeniable
relationship. The Arabic language hates the language of
the two legal texts that contain the religious provisions.
The fundamentalists emphasized the necessity of
mastering the jurisprudent and the diligent of linguistic
sciences, and linguistic studies influenced
fundamentalists in the development of fundamentalist
rules and interpretations..
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Abstract

Women represent a human element in which life can only be
achieved through which it is a fundamental pillar in the poetic formation.
Therefore, it has received great prestige and attention from poets since
poetry emerged as a mirror reflecting the image of life that can not be
sustained without women. The poets of different ages and intellectual
orientations have paid attention to them, and they have appeared in two
forms, the real picture derived from the nature and role of women in life,
and the mythological symbolism as a life companion and a symbol of
poetry.
This research, which is tagged as "the image of women in the poetry of
the Islamic era", deals with the study of this vital subject in the poetry of
the poets, which came in two axes: the first represents the image of
women in the poetry of the bulls and their importance in the life of the
Arab and the poet at this stage, Subject to it in society, and its
characteristics and characteristics, in which the poet tried to reflect the
nature of the vision of women in this age.This research, which is tagged
as "the image of women in the poetry of the Islamic era", deals with the
study of this vital subject in the poetry of the poets, which came in two
axes: the first represents the image of women in the poetry of the bulls
and their importance in the life of the Arab and the poet at this stage,
Subject to it in society, and its characteristics and characteristics, in
which the poet tried to reflect the nature of the vision of women in this
age.The second axis deals with the nature of the relationship with
women (beloved, wife, daughter, mother) among poets poets in the
Islamic era, as reflected in the poetry of the pharaohs image of the
relationship in dealing with women in all manifestations in the life of the
Arab and the lives of poets .
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