Journal of Language Studies

Abstract

Political satire has been invested in many forms such as cartoon, caricature, allusion, and T.V. shows. However, literature is one of the major domains the writers have invested in to criticize the wrongs and follies of the authority. The paper hypothesizes that Gabriel Garcia Marquez attempts to present a feminist presentation of the theme of political satire and to attain his goal he employs postmodernist techniques in his short story, "Death Constant Beyond Love". It aims at validating the hypothesis by following the postmodernist approach and character-analysis approach. It starts with an introduction to the subject and the writer. A discussion occurs followed by the conclusion that sums up the findings of the analysis.

Abstract

In a quest of exploring his potentials and developing his personal interests, the young Dan Brown decided to direct his sails toward the world of fiction. After penning several literary pieces, such as Digital Fortress (1998), Angels and Demons (2000) and Deception Point (2001), he succeeded in publishing his groundbreaking thriller The Da Vinci Code in 2003, which quickly captured the eye of many readers around the world. Whether admirers or critics of this famous literary piece, over two hundred million copies were sold out globally for its “twisty adrenaline-fueled yet cerebral” plot (Alter, 2020). He owns a book collection of five thrillers that are labelled as ‘The Robert Langdon Series.’ The first book of this collection is Angels and Demons. It follows up the journey of a Harvard professor named Robert Langdon, who is summoned to unlock the mystery of four missing cardinals who disappeared just before the election of a new Pope in Vatican City was about to take place. With the help of Vittoria Vetra, the daughter of the anti-matter scientist Leonardo Vetra at CERN, Langdon attempts to save their lives. It requires the encryption of symbols and other forms of art to successfully reach the final whereabouts of the cardinals. Their search also implicitly reveals that there is more to

Abstract

In Iraq like in the rest of the world, Coronavirus has produced a downward slope within the economy of the world and produced an enormous effect on the upper education system. The unexpected closing of universities as a social distancing procedure has transferred traditional learning to e-learning. This has thrown the concentration on utilizing online learning tools which may have boundaries of attainability and affordability for many learners. Thus makes teaching faculty should be creative enough to find an appropriate tool to rescue the situation. One of these tools is WhatsApp due to its advantages, especially the advantage of the collaborative feature (which is achieved within a group). This study aims at 1) reviewing the literature and research that talks about the advantages of WhatsApp as a learning tool, especially the advantage of creating a group and its collaborative feature. 2) Focusing on the importance of the WhatsApp group chat as a collaborative learning tool among Iraqi universities students during the pandemic. The study found that Iraqi university students, during the pandemic, preferred WhatsApp group chat because of its advantages, especially collaborative feature. The WhatsApp group helped them in overcoming difficulties of e-

Abstract

British-Jordanian novelist Fadia Faqir’s The Cry of the Dove is a story of an Arabian girl from a Bedouin tribe in the Levant, who is punished by death for flouting social norms of the tribe. Her tribe believed that dishonour can only be wiped off with blood. Apart from a covert advocacy of feminist ideals and women’s emancipation, the novel offers a window to the strong mother-daughter relationship, which in itself is viewed by prominent feminist critics as a form of rejection of patriarchal oppression. In the present paper, mother-child relationship depicted in the novel has been explored through a character analysis of the leading as well as minor female roles in the book, such as the protagonist Salma, her mother Hajjeh Amina, and her friend Noura and Madam Lamaa. The study concludes that in the novel mothers are depicted to forge a strong relationship with their children, especially daughters, in a continuum of motherline.

Abstract

The present research attempts to find out the main challenges and problems faced by university fourth year students (henceforth called student-teachers) in their teaching practice. The sample of the study are 100 fourth year students at the English department, college of basic education and college of education at Salahaddin university during their teaching practice period. For data collection, two instruments have been used: a twenty seven close-ended item questionnaire and a seven open-ended questions interview for the student-teachers. The questionnaire consists of 27 items divided into three parts (student-teachers, supervisors and administrative). The interview consists of seven open ended questions. The collected data, then, are analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results show that fourth year college students face three main challenges in teaching practice, lack of sufficient linguistic and teaching-related knowledge prior to actual teaching at schools, shortage of teaching practice duration, unavailability of teaching aid and administrative support from schools, student-teachers' and pupils' English level for understanding English instruction in class.

Abstract

This research is conducted to study the phenomenon of humour pragmatically in TV talk shows. Though humour is found in daily conversation, most people ignore how it is working in the production. The concept of humour indicates both positive (non- aggressive) and negative (aggressive) affects which may unify or divide people, but it is more preferable to take positive humour into the consideration of this research to narrow down the topic. The objectives of this research are to analyze the maxims that are violated to create humor, to describe and explain the production of humour by examining the pragmatic structure of humorous transcripts, and to explain the functions of humor created through maxims violation expressed by speakers in TV talk shows. This research is conducted by using qualitative method. The data are in the form of utterances done by speakers. The data sources of this research are selected from the videos on You Tube Channel. After being collected, the data are analyzed based on three levels: the initiation of humour and its purpose, the pragmatic strategies of humour, and

Abstract

The paper is an attempt to reveal the level of conformance to the Co-operative Principle (CP), which was first developed by Grice (1975), in the academia in Iraqi Kurdistan. The research has been done in an intra-cultural context. The number of the participants is 134 people who were sent a researchers-made questionnaire of sixteen items via online Google Forms. The items reflect the CP maxims which have been arranged in the form of multiple choice questions. The principle states that interlocutors should abide by the maxims of quantity, quality, manner, and relevance as far as they can during communication in order for them to convey their messages best. Being a quantitative research, the paper seeks to show the difference between lecturers and students as well as between male and female participants with respect to their observance of the CP maxims using SPSS program. The paper also has a socio-cultural perspective in that it focuses upon two different groups of people on the basis of their occupations. Also, it takes the gender difference into account between the participants by

Abstract

This paper deals with the critical approaches that resulted from Orientalist studies. It attempts to shed light on different aspects of Arabic literature and Arabic language as texts and narration and it shows how the critical theory shifted from the Oriental movement to the modernist experience in Arabic literature. The paper concludes that there is an integral relation between orientalism and the modern experiment in Arabic literature

Abstract

The word in Arabic is classified into three types: nouns, verbs and functional words. The last type is classified into structural and meaningful. The conjunction ثم "thumma" is related to the meaningful functional words. It has multiple uses in the Glorious Qur'an in which it is used for 345 times distributed on 70 Suras. Those who are concerned with principles of jurisprudence studied the meanings of the conjunction "thumma". They agreed that it is used for delaying, metaphorically meaning "waw" 'and', pure conjunction, giving the meaning of (al-faa') which is rare in the Glorious Qur'an, inception, and separating what precedes it from what follows. According to these different meanings, those who are concerned with philology differed in many rules. For example, in the Ayah of (Al-Ifadhah), some consider that "thumma" is used for the arrangement; some others say that it is used for differentiation; and some others say that "thumma" has the same meaning of "Al-Waw". Also, in the Ayah of Al-Dhihar, they differed in determining the time for paying al-kaffarah whether it is directly paid after al-dhihar or latter on. Concerning divorce, they also have different opinions because the conjunction "thumma" which appears in the Glorious Ayah that talks about divorce. Accordingly, some say that the divorce is not considerable before the completion of marriage and some others say that it is considered as full divorce.

Abstract

The Addressee is considered the main part in the process of communication because the aim of speech is conveying a message to the addressee who decodes and analyses the message and who is the main goal which the speakers endeavor to achieve. As there is no text without a speaker, similarly, there is no text analysis and understanding without an addressee. Whatever nomination is given to the addressee, such as the receiver, the listener, or the hearer, all have only one meaning that indicates the part who receives the message and decodes it.

Abstract

Sufi poetry is one of the literary genres that enriched Arab poetry, its meanings and experiences, by including these poems many mystical terms with special connotations, and pure spiritual experiences that are based on different things derived from the Sufi doctrine that poets employed in their poems.
Therefore, this study came to examine the effect of the manifestation of the phenomenon of mystical incarnation in Ibn ul-Sabbagh Al-Juthami's, and the methods he used to express this doctrine, and to reveal the relationship of the doctrine of incarnation to place, and the effect of that on the poetic text, taking into account the statement of what the term is and revealing some of the differences between the two terms: "incarnation" and "mystical union". The paper ends with a conclusion which sums ap the findings of the study.

Abstract

The paper studies one of the minor poets of the seventeenth century. He is from Damascus. He is Abu Jalank Ahmed Bin Abi Baker Al-Halabi. The poet is very famous of his excellent description. However, he has not been given his due of study by critics and no one collected his poems. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part is devoted to the poet's life and it examines the thematic and the aesthetic sides of his poetry which is composed in conventional metres and rhyme-schemes, well structured, delicate in expression and smoothly going. The second part is dedicated to collecting, editing and documenting his poetry relying on rare manuscripts, sources and printed works according to rules of sound scientific editing and verification.

Abstract

Al-Badi'iyat is an outstanding experience in a linguistic context due to particular cultural sources. It combines to objective: praise of Prophet Mohammad and rhetorical composition. They belong to a single type: they are poems devoted the praise of Prophet Mohammad. However, the Badi'iya is restricted by four features:
1. It is a long poem.
2. Its theme is the praise of Prophet Mohammad.
3. It should be composed in a certain metre and rhyme scheme (al-baseet metre and m rhyme).
4. Each line of Al-Badi'iya should include one style of Ilm il-Badi' (rhetorical science) whether this is explicit or implicit.
The poet of Al-Badi'iyat recognize that their poems will be controversial for the conemporary and future critics but their aim is God's retribution. Hence, numerous documents on the employment of rhetorical devices that must be subject to academic studies to explore the development of Arabic rhetorics, analyze it and its styles. The poet, in Al-Badi'iya, presents a multi-coloured painting with accurate lines and shades that combine and mix from the beginning till the end in the form of different images that form a distinguished rhetorical lexicon.

Abstract

This research is concerned with studying the most important social, ethical, and political issues that were dealt with by the Algerian novelist discourse during the bloody decade, as these writers are considered among the prominent signs in the field of Algerian criticism and creativity, due to the abundance of their productions and creativity in the field of fictional discourse. What the Algerian people were exposed to during that period, and how the country turned in a short period into a volcano of sedition embodied by terrorist operations, so they were able to convey this tragedy in a creative artistic form dominated by the conflict between religion, politics and terrorism, and what prompted us to choose this topic is the urgent desire to shed light on a critical period in the history of Algeria, monitoring the psychological effects produced by the events of the black decade, which we still touch till this day.

Abstract

Professor Younis Ahmad As-Samarra'i is one of the outstanding professors of Arabic, Abbasid literature at Baghdad University since the beginning of 1970s as a teacher, scholar, editor and author till his death in 2005 in Baghdad. He was concerned with human and intellectual heritage, researching in it, editing and publishing poetry of those poets whose manuscripts have not reached to us like many poets whose works were not collected because their manuscripts were lost., and like many treasures of the Arabian civilization which were lost because of wars, natural catastrophes, political upheavals and other reasons. There was an urgent need, therefore, to collect the uncollected scattered poetry, of outstanding figures who had influenced human thought, from its sources and introduce it to the reading public and to students, scholars and researchers. Such work needs great efforts, knowledge and patience to collect, edit, document, compare, knowledge of the historical background as well as experience in editing the heritage. All this is begun earlier by Professor Younis As-Samara'i after getting his PhD till his death. He has published and participated with many other Arab researchers in producing and publishing classical collections of Arabic poetry. The Iraqi school of editing poetry collections is characterized by effective participation in this regard by publishing hundreds of volumes. Professor Younis alone edited the works of more than twenty poets which accounts as more than twenty per cent of the poetry and prose productions of the Abbasid Period and published them in the outstanding journals and periodical and in separate volumes to enrich the Arabic library in general and the Abbasid library in particular and this will be the concern of this paper.

Abstract

This paper aims at a semantic analysis of Om Ma'bad'sdescription of Prophet Mohammad, it also attempts to explain the expressions in this description and to show their connotations (the morphological, syntactical and contextual ).The researcher gives a brief biographical note on Om Ma'bad. The study adopts the descriptive analytical method. The paper concludes that Om Ma'bad's description includes many strange expressions which were not so at that time and this is due to the fact that they were Bedouin following their instinct in speech.
Om Ma'bad's description of the Prophet was a general description, for she does not describe minute things such as his teeth and hair. He was fifty-three years old when she described him and in spite of that, her description was not different from those who described him in his youth

Abstract

This paper aims at examining the non-linguistic sounds as they were tackled by the earlier linguists. They were not directly concerned with this topic but they studied it randomly such as explaining an idea or citing an example about the organs of speech. Their neglect of this topic is due to their concern with phonological studies of the Holy Qur'an. Phonological studies, therefore, were mainly concerned with the Qur'anic readings and the accurate pronunciation of Arabic sounds as the Holy Qur'an was revealed to Prophet Mohammad. That is why phonological studies were not important for them because of their little benefit. However, the study of sounds in general recurred in linguistic books and books concerned with animals. Linguistic books relied mainly on watching and listening and then discerning the intention behind such sounds. This will be the concern of this paper which deals with sounds in general, their definition, and the difference between them and other linguistic sounds concerning their production and manner of articulation

Abstract

Quotation is an art which flourished with the rising sun of Islam because it was strongly attached to the Holy Qur'an and tradition. Its beginning to be used in poetry was at the hands of the Prophet's companions and it continued in the succeeding ages.
Imam Ash-Shafi'i wrote numerous outstanding poems which were kept in peoples' memory and the researchers should explore their linguistic and rhetorical beauty as well as musicality. It is a fact that researchers have been concerned with his religious writings rather than with his poetry.
This paper is an attempt at exploring the art of quotation as it recurred in Arabic writings on rhetorics. Imam Ash-Shafi'i lived in an era of those whose poetry was often quoted and he was a fluent Quraishi Arab whose language was not spoiled by foreign accents. He combined both poetry and principles of Jurisprudence science. The paper concludes that Ash-Shafi'is quotations have their particular nature and they were unprecedented due to influence of Jurisprudence and its rules.

Abstract

This research dims at proving an important syntactic and jurisprudent rule which occurs in many verses ( Ayas ) in The Glorious Quraan. This rule is based on the idea that when the redundant preposition ( min ) occurs before an indefinite in the context of negation or a similar one it has a definite denotation to a generic reference and the commonness of gender. This phenomenon has been studied and applied to some of AL-Asraf Sura. This study is composed of three sections. Section one is pre ceded by an introduction. It deals with the concept of redundant prepositions, redundant ( min ), its conditions, generic reference concept and the effect. Section two is devoted to the practical part of the study. Section three presents the most important conclusions of the study.

Abstract

In this paper, we want to focus on two important concept of linguistics. In relevance of the levels of lexicography and morphology, which are social and language changes and the methods of word formation. In the intention of enriching and fill up the word necessity of the utters of language. It is obvious that this process is as a result of perturbation and instant changes which its waves are outside the language and society. It has effect on the lexicography and language changes.

Abstract

This paper deals with the critical approaches that resulted from Orientalist studies. It attempts to shed light on different aspects of Arabic literature and Arabic language as texts and narration and it shows how the critical theory shifted from the Oriental movement to the modernist experience in Arabic literature. The paper concludes that there is an integral relation between orientalism and the modern experiment in Arabic literature