Journal of Language Studies

Abstract

Terminology is considered the basis for the actual start of science and its spread among specialists. In order to know the purposes of its words, and to understand the goals of its rulings and its characteristics, the concepts are the translation of science and its illuminating problems of its contents. Hence, the research meant touching the tandam term. The extent of its contribution to the composition of grammar, by making it palatable. Close the intake so that it is loose for all seekers. This will not happen until the term is based on a strong building block regulated by universal laws that prohibit its leniency in its use, and the creation of what would break the bonds of knowledge. In order for the study to achieve its desired purpose, it was embraced in a unique grammatical work, which is to direct the glory to the scholar Ibn El-Khabbaz, trying to show his thinking about the scientific term of tandam, and the effect of that in facilitating the material of grammar, and his contribution to the inclusion of its provisions and chapters. To achieve this, the research is organized in three axes, and a conclusion included the extraction of the research findings.

Abstract

It is a well-known fact that the best thing that a person devotes his time to is the study of the book of Almighty God, the Holy Qur'an, exploring its rhetoric, and following its guidance. This paper, therefore, is an attempt to explore the eloquence of one of the Qur'anic suras which comes at the end of the Qur'an because it is the last thing left in the memory and perhaps preserved without all other words, namely Surat An-Nas (the people), by focusing on the Qur’anic rhetoric in this blessed surah along with a statement of the secret of its miraclousness, the validity of its meanings, the relevance of its words to context, and the importance of its topic related to Monotheism and divinity and the repeated readings memorizing, learning and teaching of this surah.

Abstract

The last century witnessed a lot of changes in world literary criticism. The modern critical approaches with their different philosophical, literary and linguistic attitudes emerged giving us various rules and ways of reading a literary text. These theories were divided into contextual approaches (the historical, psychological and social) paying attention to the author and the political, cultural and psychological changes he/she has undergone and how these changes affected the text through the author and his life. Critical studies then shifted from the context into text with the emergence of the textual approaches which argue that the critical reading begins with text and ends with it. The critical act moves then from the text to the receiver/reader with the appearance of the reader response theories which focus upon the reader as one of the most important elements of constructing the literary text and participating in it. Amid the tumult of all these studies, there were those who deny the existence of Arabic critical studies concerned with the reader or receiver till Mohamd Al-Mubark pulished his study: Text Reception in Arabic Criticism, tracing in it classical Arab critics' opinions concerning critical reading, its levels and types, the reader, his types and attitudes. This book is an attempt by the author to highlight the ancient Arabic critical heritage and to show the place of Arab critics and their critical potentialities in reading and receiving the literary text. Keywords: criticism, critical approaches, reader-response theory, ancient Arabic criticism, text reception.

Abstract

This research is based on the study of structural stylistics, as one of the levels of the descriptive stylistic approaches, which is an analytical approach that aims to highlight the compositional aesthetics in the entirety of the literary text, and the expressive and semantic energies that these various combinations carry that have a great impact on the recipient. The study focused on selected examples of Khalil Mutran's poetry, uncovering the system of poetic sentences, and the method through which he expressed his psychological and moral needs. In the poetry of Hebron, there are transitions that deserve to be examined, to complete their study and to find aesthetic and semantic explanation for them in a way that transforms the tone of the speech from a news context to an emotional context that has a clear effect on the recipient with joy or sadness.

Abstract

This paper aims at examining and analyzing the sources of As-Sahmi’s book A-I’itisamu bil ‘Isaam as well as the evidence he used. This book was a footnote on A-Isaam Al-Isfarayini’s (d. 951 AH) commentary on As-Samarqandi’s (d. 888 AH) book Ar-Risalat ul-Isti’ariya. The importance of Al-I’itisamu bil I’itisaam lies in its topic, namely Arabic rhetoric and mainly the metaphorical language with its diverse uses and types. The paper points out the main reasons behind As-Sahmi’s authoring of this book relying on the book’s introduction where the author hints at this. Among the main reasons were explaining the sophisticated riddle-like meanings and correcting certain archaic expressions in the text because the author was of Persian origin. The author then mentions As-Sahmi’s sources and the number they were cited, classifying them into: Rhetorical, linguistic and syntactic as well as others related to Qur’anic recitation and Hadith (Tradition).

Abstract

This paper aims at showing the function of syntactic argumentative linking and how it deals with grammatical rules as they recurred in Ibn ul-Anbari’s book Al-Insafu fi Masa’il il-Khilaf. Parts of a sentence should combine verbally and sensically to give a comprehensible meaning based on certain relations among them. This is called rabt (linking). Linking is a contextual relation achieved in the text via a verbal means which assists reaching at the general objective of the context. The paper opens with an introductory section about rawabit (links) as a term in ancient and modern Arabic and Western cultures. The paper sheds light on the syntactic argumentative links including contrastive, co-coordinative, and conjunctive links.

Abstract

This study deals with the term semiotics by shedding light on the problematic application of this term and its branches, namely: semiotics of communication, semiotics of semantics, and semiotics of title, to the study of a Qur’anic text in order to link the modern linguistic lesson with the ancient linguistic study, to identify some images of the miracles of the Holy Quran, and the research was divided into Two parts, a theoretical study, followed by an applied study, and then the conclusion, in which the results were mentioned

Abstract

Positions form a large area in the grammar lesson, and it is considered the grammar cabinet: because it includes many sections of Arabic grammar, which gives it a bit of similarity and familiarity in some places In order for it to be difficult to separate the expressions in many matters, and to distinguish between them only by the meaning, the parsing mark -- sometimes -- stands unable to determine the correct parsing before that circle Therefore, the matter was in weighting some opinions over some very difficult, which made grammarians devote a chapter to it under the "section of similar positions", in which Ibn Hisham listed similar grammatical issues and syntaxes, and the syntactic sign had no role in directing one of them. And efficacy, and source, circumstantial and current, and what is likely to be used and the object with it. This research was limited to studying the agreement of the parsing status and the difference of meaning between the case and the absolute effect and between the case and the object in the book of the Parsing of Arabic Hadith of the Prophet by al-Akbari who died in 616 AH, because the study of the entire postulate requires several researches.

Abstract

This study tries to highlight factors contributing to ineffective teaching strategies of Arabic reading and writing skills in the 1st and 2nd cycles of basic education, namely in the Moroccan public schools. This study considers that such decay is basically related to school Textbooks designed to pupils at first and second grade. In our opinion, this can be seen through the absence of a systematic vision of the textbook that would develop some of the linguistic abilities and meta-linguistic shown by children in the preschool. According to the analysis provided by the interactive models of the learning processes of reading and writing in its early stages (first and second cycles of basic education), children acquire a large body of tacit knowledge of their mother tongue before (régularité phonologique) (cf.: Ecalle et Meganan.2002); They also develop important cognitive abilities to recognize the alphabet, some of which are supportive of building their future learning abilities of reading and writing. If the achievement of the linguistic competencies associated with the two components of Arabic reading and writing at the primary stage depends mainly on the extent to which the learners are aware of the peculiarities of the sub-lexical level of the language, as it is achieved by activating the procedural link to the lexical level as a basic procedure within the educational learning process, then the purpose of this scientific paper lies in an attempt to answer related questions, such as What are the implications of learning directed to achieve the linguistic competencies of the reading and writing pathways in the early stages of learning? To what extent do the pedagogical and dialectical directions included in the textbooks develop the linguistic abilities that the learners show, and which are specific to the components of reading and writing? Are the competencies of the learners of the first and second levels commensurate with what is supposed to be mentally represented by the learners of this stage about the alphabetical layout? And how can we benefit from the most important results presented by the interactive models to develop the course content of the first and second levels in a way that it becomes more effective in supporting the literacy strategies of the learners of this stage?

Abstract

The ancient Arab heritage contains many rhetorical, stylistic and aesthetic theories that help us analyze the text and prove its textuality. Therefore, this study aims to shed light on this importance through an Arab critic, Hazem Al-Qirtagani, who is known for his long experience in this field. He has enriched Arabic criticism and linguistics with the idea of textual coherence, and his book Minhaj al-Bulagha, and Siraj al-Odaba' was truly considered a lamp for those who wanted to study Arabic criticism and text linguistics. . He put forward an important theory for understanding the text in form and significance, through his talk about the formal and moral ties through which proportion and harmony are achieved within the text, and then confirmed this through Al-Mutanabbi’s poem, which begins wiyh: "I overcome longing in you..."

Abstract

This paper attempts to uncover the truth of probing and division, its importance and types, and on this basis the grammatical material was classified, its most prominent phenomena were discussed, and concluded with a statement of the effect of probing and division on the origins of Arabic grammar. The nature of the research, after examining its main ideas, necessitated its division into three topics, preceded by an introduction, and ending with a conclusion. The Introduction includes the importance of the research, its motives, its problem, its questions, its methodology, and previous studies. The first section is devoted to the linguistic and idiomatic meaning of probing and division.The second is concerned with the truth of probing and division, its importance and types and the third tackles probing and division applications in linguistic origins. The research part is the conclusion which sums up the findings of the study.

Abstract

Tasri’ in poetry is like assonance in prose. One of its main characteristics is that the reader knows beforehand the rhyme as soon as he reads the first part (sadr) of the line. Tasri’ reveals the aesthetic harmony in a line of verse because the rhyme of the sadr is the same of that of the ‘ajz (the second part) of the line. When we read the line it produces musical tone that gives the poem, or the line, strong beauty that strengthens the tone when the rhyme is repeated. This fascinates the audience by its beauty which remains in their memory

Abstract

The study aims to reveal poetic transformations by monitoring the variables of the structures functioning in the poem (Dust Legacy) by Shawki Bazai', meaning that one of the temptations of textual aesthetic research is to pursue stylistic variables and move the structures of the poem at the artistic and aesthetic level, and for this the poem has taken important motivational paths in highlighting its aesthetic output, according to its stylistic textual variables that aim to discover the creative energy on which the poem works in stimulating the recipient, and its intensity to its creative textual circle. According to this perception, our disclosure of poetry and the transformations of the text structure will be based on the structure of the poem itself without relation to what is outside the text, so the study will be focused on aesthetic values and apocalyptic indicators transmitted by the structures of the poem at the level of its aesthetic sense and textual structure. Focused through its active apocalyptic visions and its open connotations with its values and active textual variables on which its poetry is based in its transformation from one poetic pattern to another within a textual transformational process that confirms the movement of artistically functioning structures, and its poetic arousal through the movement of structures and their variables Stylistic in poetic style.

Abstract

Social relations in the Arabic novel form a wide space that develop with the development of human thought and its philosophy in knowing the environment in which it lives depending on its positions and others, it tests them with its private and public experiences. At the beginning, it was adopted as a physical and visibly tangible character, then it was construed as mental abstraction until it was eventually fused with the temporal so that it was involving the physical and moral existence in the human perception of life. The research aims to study the social and cultural relations in the novels of Abdul Rahman Al-Rubaie, the novel of Ar-Rafidain’s Wailing as a model, and the extent to which the novelist was affected by these important relationships in the novelist’s experience. The research follows the method of induction and textual analysis of the narrative texts in the novel “Wailing Rafidain” by Abdul Rahman Majid Al-Rubaie, and to reveal the extent of his ability to assimilate social relations as the main driver of events and personalities. As for the most important findings of the research, the narrative text establishes social structures and relationships that stem from the nature of the text itself, in which the social, objective, intellectual and cultural visions are centered to form the map of the narrative text in drawing the trends sought by the narrator.

Abstract

The 'self' of the poet comes in many types: the writer ego, the dreamy ego, the desperate ego, and the sympathetic ego. This research deals with the egoistic ego as a model of study and how it is employed in the poetry of our leading poets. The topic is one of the subjects that have not been studied, and if it has been studied, it was in an indirect and inadequate manner, it stems from the dreaming ego of the fusion of the ego with the dream, dream as evidenced by social and psychological studies as having a direct impact on the human psychological state, Feelings and emotions, reflected on his actions and ideas. The dream may tell its future companion through the accents and symbols that appear in the dream. Here, many of the poets used their poems to express the desires within the human soul trying to express or escape through the dream. To show those expressions through poetic phrases uttered by the tongue of the ego.

Abstract

The critical writings did not pay much attention to the poem of fine details in modern poetry except in some recent studies that were partially concerned with some poems, and I found in this study that post-1960s poets paid attention to reality and monitored it and worked to condemn and refute it. The Iraqi poet Ra’ad Abdul-Qadir (1953 - 2003) One of the most important poets who paid attention to the small details in their poems, and this study reveals to us the poet’s relationship with the details of reality and contains aspects of what is expected of him and marginalized in life, and is combined with a keen cultural structure.

Abstract

Omission and keeping some letters in the Holy Qur'an is one of the diverse topics that has received a lot of attention. This paper is an attempt to explore the secrets of the semantic values of the omission of the "N" from ”kana" in the present tense in the Holy Qur'an. This study is going to examine all the related places in the Holy Qur'an, mounting to eighteen, in which there is such omission. They are going to be studied syntactically and semantically. The study will depend on the opinions of the Arab linguists to explore the secrets of this omission. The paper is divided into an introduction and two sections. The first section deals with the syntactic omission of the "N", the conditions and the reason of this omission and the parsing the present tense of "kana". The second section is devoted to the semantic value of the omission of "N" of kana in the present in the Holy Qur'an including the outstanding rhetorical reasons behind this omission. The paper ends with Conclusion which sums up the results of the study

Abstract

The common meaning in common formal structures attract the attention of the readers of the holy Qur'an according to the theory that says "change of formal structures leads to change in meaning". Hence, the title of the paper becomes "Rhythmical Forms of the Meanings of Taking, Removal, and Showing". The paper is divided into three sections: the first section is devoted to the meanings of taking; the second to the meaning of removal and the third to the meaning of showing. The researchers depended on many classical reliable references such as: Al-Kitab, As-Sihah, Maqiyis il-Lugha, Mafateeh ul-Ghaib, Al-Jami' li Ahkam il-Qur'an and al-Kulliyat. The paper ends with the Conclusion which sums up the results of the study.

Abstract

The pattern of each literary text based on meaning includes multiple topics, dimensions, and pattern features, each text changes in accordance with genre and the phase in which this text has been written and it is different from another one. Thus, in the light of the title (Pattern of Poetic Tale of Love in Water of Life based on Meaning) by Mahabad Qaradghi this research has been done and it is an effort to introduce and show pattern features of the level of the meaning in this text. The research consists of two main axes and each axis includes several topics, in the first axis the picture of the arts of the poetic novel has been identified and on the principles of (feeling, wisdom, moving and motionless pictures, solo and hybrid texts) they have been separated and explained with examples. Unusual meanings have been shown in different ways in this poetic novel and their language of writing and their picture of the arts are more detailed. They make the readers to think more and to find unclear meanings as well. Thus, the second axis is specialized in unusual meanings and they are shown variously. In the end, the findings of the research have been discussed with several points, then the list of the references comes and abstract in both Arabic and English languages.

Abstract

Constructivism first appeared as a theory of economy by Carl Marx and then the linguists such as De Saussure and Focou. Furthermore, the development of the theory Originated from the works and views of the Russian Formalists, Prague Ring and New Criticism. The study is under the title of "Occupied Home in Kazhal Ahmed's poem 'Khasa Pigeon' and 'Rahimawa'" from a constructivist point of view. One of the most apparent basics of the theory is to work on the text itself rather than the author's life and his psychological, social, historical and ideological state. It only sheds light on the text, which caused the invention of 'The Author's Death'. Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the paper consists of two parts. In the first part, the term of constructivism, its definition and terminology are introduced as well as the theory's basics, principles, and resources. The second part is specified to the practical study of the poem through a constructivist theory. In conclusion, the result of the study is pinpointed and the list of the resources are given.

Abstract

The beloved in the vision of the Artist and Poet( Nali and Picasso as example) a critical analytical research of fine art and poem. This research uses Nail’s pome which he wrote for his beloved Habibia and two of Picasso’s pictures which he painted for his beloved ones. The research is divided into two main titles. The first one is the beauty of woman as motivation of art in which discussed in some philosophical questions. In the second one depending on the psychobiology ( Fitz ) some of the receiver’s questions has been answered along with analyzing how to unlock digital and analog codes for both arts. the most important opinions about ( beauty of art and the role of passion in the testing art, how the Kurdish receiver takes in art, how to unlock the codes and the activities of the receiver brain) are presented in some points as a result of our research.

Abstract

Sherko Bekas, A Kurdish poet and scholar, is regarded to be one of the founders of the rwanga. He is a poet of a suppressed nation. lives within the sufferings and melancholy of his own nation. He never feels tranquility. Human or individual is the center in his poems. The greatness and holiness of the country is bound to the greatness and elevation of the man. Racial discrimination, gender discrimination and religious discrimination are what Bekas wants to eradicate. The task is to familiarize our readers with his ideology. Humanism is what he announces in his poems. That is why "Humanism in Sherko Bekas's Poems" is written to evaluate the humanistic notion of in his poems. The illustration is if two grounds: One is the idea of humanism and its history. The second is the depiction of the humanism in his poems. Finally the conclusion sums up the resuts of the study.

Abstract

This research entitled ((The Style of Poetry in the Poems of Ahmed Hardy at the Word Level)) consists of the introduction, two chapters, the conclusion, the results, the list of sources, references, and the summary in both Arabic and English. The first chapter consists of two sections: The first section deals with the concept and term of the poetic style, its emergence and growth, and the second section deals with the reasons for influencing the style and the types of style. The second chapter also consists of two sections: the first section deals with word displacement, the phenomenon of introduction and delay, word repetition, and the phenomenon of word addition. As for the second and final section, it dealt with the poetic image, especially the sensory image, myth and symbol. In the conclusion, the most important findings of the research were presented.

Abstract Anita Desai is a well-known writer in India. Her writings are influenced by the Indian world as well as European literary traditions. In the majority of her works, she is primarily concerned with Indian women. Anita Desai has a feminist vision that explores women's struggles against patriarchal oppression. She is distinct from other female writers in that she stresses personal redemption and inspiration. This research discusses how women struggle secretly and seek liberation in Desai's well-known novel Clear Light of Day (1980). This research focuses on Bimla, the protagonist in Desai's novel, who strives to overcome patriarchal obstacles in her search for independence, voice, and identity. The novel explores women's plight in India for a long time before and after independence in 1947, also how India's partition from Pakistan influenced both the nation and individuals. Desai concentrates chiefly on the women of the Das household, and the choices of the different female characters have in life. The fundamental aim of this research is to shed light on a woman's perspective in Indian culture. Woman in the East and India resides in unique sociological, political, and cultural circumstances. These circumstances have an essential impact on her future, identity, and personality.

Abstract The following study is an attempt to shed lights on the analysis of signs and their interpretations in terms of phonology and their role in meaning comprehension in human mind, throughout taking Emily Dickinson’s mystic poems as an example. It is generally accepted that every literary artistic work is a string of sounds made up of a group of conventional phonological signs. They are formed by combining with each other according to the special rules of language, forming larger linguistic units to show their ability in word order and language proficiency. Five critical aspects below have been investigated in the process of this study, namely; alliteration, consonance, assonance, onomatopoeia and rhyme. Finally, the following conclusions have been drawn: topics, as the difference between literary and linguistic semiotics can lead us towards the principals and the basics of understanding, and perceiving meaning. Scientific study of language, familiarity with viewpoints related to achieving the basics of perception, aesthetic analysis and cognitive semiotics of perceiving texts, have a great role. Dickenson’s poetry carries a kind of harmony that functions as the transporter of meaning and feeling in addition to the elements transferring meaning. There are major roles in the use of phonemes: meaning transferring, emphasis on the basic meaning, feeling transferring, increasing musicality and creating coherence

Abstract Frayer Model strategy is one of many main strategies presented to classroom teachers. When these strategies are followed step by step, they can have a positive impact on pupils’ achievement. The current study aims at: 1.Investigating the impact of Frayer Model strategy on EFL pupils' achievement. 2.Investigating the improvement of EFL preparatory pupils' achievement To carry out the study , the hypotheses are posed as the following : 1.There is no statistical significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group, which is taught by of Frayer Model strategy and the control group which is taught by traditional method in post-test achievement. 2.There is no statistical significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group students in the pre-test and post-test achievement. A sample of the currant study consists of (60) pupils in fourth grade of secondary school scientific branch are derived from AL-Aqeeda schools for girls in Tikrit city. Two sections are selected as a study sample; Group (A) represents experimental group that includes (30) pupils are taught according to Frayer Model strategy. Group (B) represents control group which also include (30) pupils who are taught according to the traditional method. Both groups have been equalized in such variables from Educational level of parent, English grades achievement in previous schooling year , and the pretest of both groups . A unified posttest which contains ten questions are constructed to collect data . Face and content validity have been attained.To analyze the data, different statistical means have been used namely T-test, weighted mean and percentile mean to measure the pupils’ post-test. The results explain that there is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught according Frayer Model strategy and the control group who is taught by using the traditional method , also there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group in pre –post tests achievement.

Abstract Henrik Ibsen’s concern in A doll’s house (1879) is the exposition of what he deems social evils and shortcomings, consequently leaving his protagonist’s future, after she famously slams the door on her married life, to the audience’s speculation. His open ending thus exemplifies Barthes’s seminal argument against unquestioned authorial authority in ‘The death of the author’ (1967), reasoning that what matters is the impression that a text makes on its destination, i.e., the reader. This paper looks into the take of one such reader on Ibsen’s text. Lucas Hnath, who provides a sequel to Ibsen’s play, daringly calling it A doll’s house, part 2 (2017), interprets Nora’s venturing into the outer world in terms of career and financial success. He begins his play with a knock on the same door ushering in, supposedly fifteen years later, the now established and self-assured feminist novelist Nora. As the two plays thus form a unified ontology, they showcase the Formalist postulate of the recurrent devices and the binding autonomous interrelations of literature. The themes that Ibsen starts are continued and elaborated by Hnath, who offers an extensive portrayal of various perceptions of Nora’s decision to leave her family. He does so through the tactic of the discussion, originally introduced by Ibsen, which goes counter to the latter’s general style of the well-made play. As New Criticism shares with Formalism its focus on the literary text itself, severing it from author and social context, its approach of close reading is used in this paper to analyze the merged schema of the two plays

Abstract This study is an attempt to investigate the procedural encoding strategies of the discourse marker بَس(bas)(but), selected from one of the Syriac plays performed in the dialect of the Qaraqoush community. This discourse marker in this study, having interrelated procedural functions according to the context used, is assumed to be a discourse procedure that guides the hearer to the intended conceptualization of the discourse. The procedural functions of the selected discourse marker limit or constrain the context relevance of both speaker and hearer’s assumptions. The constraining is taken place by deriving one of the kinds of contextual or (cognitive effects); contextual implication, strengthening, and contradiction, or by reorienting the hearer to a path in the given context that leads to these effects. In this respect, the study aims to prove that procedural encoding is necessary for the conceptual encoding of the utterance context to achieve the intended meaning of the speaker. The data examples selected from the Syriac play are analyzed within the domain of Relevance Theory. The selected data are transliterated, translated, and analyzed concerning the procedural functions of the involved discourse marker. Due to the outcome of data analysis, some findings are raised. The most striking finding presented here is that the procedural role of the discourse marker بَس(bas)(but) in Syriac discourse is very significant; in that, it guides or directs the speaker to interpret the intended meaning. In the light of the findings, the study presents some suggestions to researchers who are interested in such a field of research.

Abstract The word 'collage' simply means pasting unrelated things together to form artistic objects of sorts. It began first to be used by the painters and artists in general to produce a kind of art suitable to the prevalent avant-garde movement in art and literature. T.S. Eliot's The Wasteland and Ezra Pound's The Cantos are two master examples of the use of collage in the early modernist poetry. The purpose of this paper is to examine the use of collage by the poets New York School in selected poems as exemplified in the major poets of the school, namely John Ashbery, Frank O'Hara and Kenneth Koch. The paper argues that the poets of the New York school have been influenced heavily by the prevalent art movements specially the Abstract Expressionism. They imitated the Abstract Expressionists in their rejection of figurative subject matter and their working completely in the abstract. Their resort to such art as collage is to challenge the conventional ideas about art.

Abstract Abstract Cultural hybridity is one of the visible phenomena of our era. It captures the spirit of various writers around the world with its celebration of cultural difference and fusion. Many factors accelerated the growth and spread of this phenomenon. Among them is the migrations, the globalization mantra of unfettered economic exchanges and the supposedly inevitable transformation of all cultures. In the first decade of the new millennium, British theatre seems preoccupied with various issues such as war on terror, social fragmentation, cultural segregation and the huge number of immigrants. However, the ever-increasing migration in the United Kingdom made British playwrights think seriously in the is in flux. No doubt, the new comers have their own values, which, on the long term, affects the host ones. Though it is conceivable, the clash between these cultural values can be met in a culturally viable atmosphere. What is the most important thing is that the newcomers tried hard to assimilate in a new hybrid space where all values meet together. The present paper is an attempt to shed light on the acceptance and rejection of these values as described by David Edgar’s Testing The Echo . It is done with due reference to Homi K. Bhabha’s theories of cultural hybridity and third space. This paper poses the following questions: In what ways may cultural hybridity be applied in David Edgarʼs selected plays to highlight non-British characters. Is it possible for the newcomers to integrate into the British society? If they do, what are they going to lose?

Abstract Nationalism and attachment to country and land is as old as man’s existence on earth; yet, as a concept, it is almost modern, or may be, some steps behind the modern age. There are, undoubtedly, reasons and factors behind the rise of this concept and its appearance in the literature of some, if not all, nations throughout the history. This comparative investigation is an attempt to tackle a number of poems in both the Irish and Kurdish modern poetry. The resemblance between the historical, geographical, political, and cultural situations of the two nations was behind the germination of the idea of the paper. Despite the huge distance between the two nations’ lands, history, and culture, the paper pre-supposes a sort of resemblance that marks ‘the poetry of resistance’ in each case and consequently some common features to be discovered through the poems under study here. The paper starts with a brief introduction about nationalism as a concept along with its development in the modern age due to the political upheavals in different parts of the world. It is followed by a critical analysis of selected Irish and Kurdish poems using some modern and up-to-dates sources. The comparative aspects between the two cases precedes the conclusions and list of sources where some points are concluded the most obvious one of which is the heavy and unexpected semblance between the two groups of poems in forms, themes, and even techniques

Abstract The Present paper discusses Horror and fear in Henry James’ “The Turn of the Screw” and Poe’s “The fall of the House Usher”, which are ghost stories. It compares and contrasts the two stories in accordance with American school. The aim of the compararison is to find out the implications and the underlying identities of both similarities and differences so that even the differences can be given their proper place in a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the artist. The study applies the theory of suspense to analyze the theme of the unknown in the two stories of mystery and suspense. The objective of the study is to find the similarities and differences in the universal theme. The similarities include the supernatural and horror, mystery, suspense and surprise. The differences are in the tragedy and pathetic and sexual relationship.

Abstract This study aims at figuring out The weakness of Islamic High Schools Students in Iraq during reading comprehension activities in English as a foreign language, The Reasons and Remedies, intermediate stage as a model”. The study examines the effect of teachers' variables (gender, qualification, and years of experience), In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher developed a data collection instrument: a questionnaire developed in English for the teachers. It consisted of two parts. The first one is demographic questions and the second consisted from 14 questions. The researcher conducted this study on the intermediate stage students who are learning English as a foreign language and their teachers of English of Islamic High School in Iraq by using a stratified random sample. The whole population consisted of (140) teachers, (68) males and (72) females. The results of the present study showed that reading difficulties faced by students in learning English resulting from students' reading behaviors were high. In addition, the content (textbook), teaching aids and teaching methods had a significant effect on the reading difficulties. In the light of the findings of the study, the researcher recommended holding training courses for the teachers to provide them with sufficient experience to teach their students the reading skill in the right way besides Attention distraction, lack of motivation, difficulty in academic content, feeling of making mistakes in front of colleagues, lack of a library concerned in English language in the school and lack of resources in the English language, insufficient time to read during the lesson , their speed of reading is very slow, their efficiency in understanding the meaning of a text is very poor and there are other reasons mentioned in this study. .

Abstract

Writing in a foreign language is a big challenge that might affect EFL university student’s achievement in writing and this skill is described as a complex process because it includes both cognitive and metacognitive elements. However, EFL writing plays a central role in today's schools as well as colleges and is yet regarded as a challenging skill throughout academic life. PLEASE strategy has a better effect on the student’s achievement in writing when compared to the traditional method. The sample of this study consists of (52) students who are randomly chosen from second-year / Morning studies in English Department / Tikrit University for the academic year (2019-2020). The sample is divided into a control group with (51) students and an experimental group with (52) students. The experimental group had the students who were trained with PLEASE strategy and the control group had the students who were taught with the traditional method. A Pre and Post-tests have been conducted to show the effectiveness of PLEASE strategy . The data has been collected and treated statistically. The obtained results reveal that after adopting PLEASE strategy , the students` achievement in writing were found to be in a good manner and the coherence of the sentences have improved to a great deal. The students were able to bring out their ideas and concepts in a better way. Their fear of writing had completely gone. The grammar errors have been greatly eliminated as well .

Abstract

This study aims at illustrating the concept of isochrony ,determination its phonological units , emphasizing the existence and the role of this phenomenon. Isochrony refers to the occurrence of stressed syllables at equal time intervals through an utterance. This term is used to specify the rhythm features. Many experiments have been applied by the specialists to find a vivid clue about the presence of isochrony in production. They found modicum assent about the actuality of its principles. They assure its existence at perceptual level. The term ''perceptual isochrony'' includes a role in two significant psycholinguistic styles ''underlying spoken'' and written word comprehension , which are word segmentation and lexical access .Isochrony cannot be neglected because it forms the standard of rhythmic system of English. Finally, there is a relationship between isochrony and syntax because the reading of ambiguous sentence requires accurate effort and attention to the meaning during the time of reading.

Abstract

Gwendolyn Brooks has become the doubly disadvantaged poet, mostly because of her "race" as a black woman, and secondly, by consideration for her gender. Such a double pressure is evident in Brooks's poetry. For her race and culture, Brooks took great pride as well as supports, honors womanhood too. However, Brooks's poetry discusses black consciousness and also exposes the essence of the concerns of black women. The Black women, their psychological state as well as their depressed feelings are portrayed in Brooks's poetry. The goal of Brooks is to show the readers, what African American women should be. The major aspect is that women characters are independent women, who reject the boundaries of the appropriate role, by both the Blacks as well as the general Western society. The suffering and resentment of American blacks, the misery with the strength of ordinary black citizens, is brilliantly pointed out by Brooks. She concentrated through her poems on people in general and women in particular. Although, she depicts African American women as moms, wives, sisters, girlfriends, as well as daughters, in different ways. Undoubtedly, Black female characters for Brooks are still victims of racism, slavery, sexism, exploitation, discrimination, injustice, oppression, and violence.

Abstract

The moral concept of hatred is a feeling, thinking and misjudging in response to notifications of loathing and feud. Generally, has different versions: one of these forms is the hate for unbelief, wickedness and rebellion against the norms of ethics and virtuous moral standards, which is the walk of righteousness. It is the right, wise and the deep understanding of a capacity for a sound judgment manner for the benefit of humanity, in contrast, hatred of humanity for the benefit of malicious minority is the second version of aversion. That foists harm to humanity and at the same time it exculpates the perpetrators of that evil action, as a hair is taken from dough, also for the benefit of the same minority. People who do such things with disposed inclinations, have no consciences and they should not be considered human beings any longer. This work will study the second kind of hatred with its forms in literature, as the latter is a reflection of life. It will also study and survey the descending of using these effigies in literature from being antagonists until they become the protagonist in the work of art, this ideology raises the readers’ sympathy towards these effigies, with reference to the work of Linda Woolverton’s Maleficent (2014) and John William Polidori’s Vampyre (1819). This era has witnessed a new movement of writing literature, that reverberates the axiom and truism throughout fictions. It could be called the Malignantism. This paper attempts to invite the contemporaries to face their own failure to maintain the old system of morality throughout working, writing and selecting what prove to be benevolence in novels, critical essays, researches and symposiums, marked by doing good and disposed to good, kind and generous things for humanity (the Benevolentism). This work will use the Hegelian theory and considerations of the detective work elements to unfold the real denouement of the fraudulent works of Woolverton’s Maleficent and John William Polidori’s Vampyre (1819). The conclusion will include the result of this study.

Abstract

This study is concerned with introducing a sociolinguistic analysis of personal names and the process of naming in English. It is based on the hypothesis that naming practice is not done randomly even when it is done fictionally. Writers/Novelists are having certain aims and intentions in choosing names for their fictional characters. The specific aim of this paper is formulated to examine the role that society plays in character naming by the writers. Studies on naming are various and tackled from the viewpoint of semantics, anthropology and other disciplines. No study is done in sociolinguistics that analyzes data taken from a novel, i.e. fictional characters’ names. This study is limited to the investigation of names of the characters in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. Thus, the data necessary to complete the study have obtained from the novel. The paper presents enough amount of names and naming in English and particularly in Austen’s aforementioned novel with sufficient explanation of the method followed in the analyzation.

Abstract

The current study explores noun-noun collocations in English. The main problem which the study attempts to tackle is the difficulty encountered by undergraduate, English department students in predicting noun-noun collocations in English. The hypothesis on which the study is based is the existence of hundreds of noun-noun collocations in English, be they noun and/or noun (binomial phrases), e.g. fish and chips, friend or foe; or noun + of-phrase combinations, e.g. sheet of paper, cup of tea. As regards the study approach adopted, the paper advocates Biber et al. (1999) (see sections 6 and 7). This approach is within 'lexical collocations', which is in contrast to 'grammatical collocations' in which a preposition is used with a noun, a verb or an adjective, e.g. by accident, account for, amazed at. The aim of the study is to define and explain different types and combinations of binomial phrases and noun + of-phrases. The results of the two tests administered to measure fourth year, English department students' mastery of different categories of lexical collocations (100 participants who sat a 40-item twofold tests) show that students face great obstacles in mastering collocations. Noun + noun sequences like water supplies, chess board, exam papers, speech impediment, and press release, are out of the scope of this study. .

Abstract

Résumé Les manuels scolaires représentent un outil d'enseignement en classe et un support facilitant la poursuite du travail à la maison. Dans cette recherche, nous essayons d’évoquer les raisons indispensables de l'usage des manuels scolaires en tant qu’outil didactique et pédagogique dans l’enseignement /apprentissage des langues. Tout manuel scolaire a pour vocation d’éveiller la curiosité des apprenants en exposant de manière claire le contenu d’enseignement. Ce dernier doit être illustré par des histogrammes, des schémas et des images. Généralement, un manuel scolaire commence par une introduction en définissant la notion qui sera traitée, les compétences attendues et les stratégies à mobiliser permettant de parvenir aux objectifs. Il présente une synthèse au terme de chaque unité, des activités qui tiennent compte des niveaux de compétences observés, un lexique (vocabulaire), un portfolio d'auto-évaluation, une table des matières, etc. Le manuel scolaire interprète le contact entre la culture de la langue apprise et la culture d'origine des apprenants. Dans cette recherche, nous présentons à nos lecteurs manifestant de l'intérêt à cet aspect l'importance du manuel scolaire dans l'apprentissage d'une langue étrangère.