Journal of Language Studies

Abstract

The fallen woman was a widespread phenomenon in the Victorian Age as a result of the social changes imposed by the Industrial Revolution. Due to social persecution, the vast immigration from the countryside to cities and the exploitation of women and children as cheap working hands in mines and factories, great numbers of young women were driven to prostitution. This paper is an attempt to explore Dante Gabriel Rossetti's treatment of the theme of fallen women in four of his poems: "The Bride's Prelude", "A Last Confession", "Found" and "Jenny". The first section of the paper is a biographical note on the poet. The second section is a brief background of the poem and the last one is devoted to an analysis of the poems followed by a conclusion which sums up the results of the study.

Abstract

The current paper investigates the concept of isolation and loneliness in the contemporary novel of Jojo Moyes’ Me Before You, which is written in 2012. Embodying the elements of romance and romanticism, the novel is described by many critics as a romantic comedy that narrates a true love story. The study explores the theme of isolation and loneliness by relying on psychoanalysis perspectives to interpret these two concepts. It adopts a framework of psychoanalysis views, particularly Freud’s concept of isolation, to study the characters' motives towards isolation and solitude, as well as to reveal the physical and emotional conditions that the characters have encountered in their community. It also points out that the pattern of isolation can be considered as a defense mechanism to protect the characters against their harmful thoughts showing the starkness of their surroundings circumstances. It sheds the light on the reasons of Will’s, the major character, thinking about his disability and how he detached himself from the social life as a form of defense, and then attempts to end his life.

Abstract

The use of technology tools in education is one of the modern educational methods that have proven themselves in a short period and have become an important reference for the parties to the educational process. This study aims to study the importance of adapting technology to meet 21st -century language learning difficulties. Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, English has gradually replaced regional dialects in schools. The English language today occupied a prominent place among the languages of the whole world, and it has become the language of science and technology and the language most learned and used as a second or foreign language (FL). In the other hand, many previous studies showed that students face difficulties when learning the English language. Although these English learning difficulties in the classrooms, several researchers indicated that utilizing technologies in language learning processes is a useful instrument that could improve students’ performance. The results indicated that technologies are considered as a vital part in the recent learning process, and it could enhance learners motivations and develop their spelling, vocabulary and sentence structure skills. This study results also showed that the main difficulties that could face English teachers especially when adapting technologies in the teaching process are, technical difficulties, poor management abilities of teachers and Bad technological learning infrastructure. The study recommended preparing a technology assisted environment to cover 21st English learning abilities.

Abstract

Stress is an important phonological feature that exists in many languages of the world (e.g., English, Spanish, Turkish and Classical Arabic, etc.). It increases the articulateness and intelligibility in speech and communication mainly English as a phonemic language (Kiriakos & O'Shaughnessy, 1989). This study examines the L2 learners‟ performance of typologically two unlike languages in the production of English lexical stress. Iraqi Arabic and Chinese Malaysian L2 learners are included in the production experiment to allocate lexical stress in real and nonce words. The results of the experiment presented that Chinese Malaysian group realized significantly better than the Iraqi Arabic group in producing lexical stress and Iraqi Arabic subjects had an additional difficulty in the production of mismatch syllabic patterns. After computing and controlling the language proficiency variable for both language groups, their subjects‟ mean percentage scores were equitably alike and statistically no significant difference in performance. Nevertheless, the Iraqi Arabic learners were better at allocating stress in match syllabic patterns than Chinese Malaysian L2 learners, but the difference was also not significant suggesting that the chief difficulty in which L2 learners come across in obtaining English lexical stress was concerning to L1 influence specifically stress patterns and tones. The study exhibited that lexical stress difference is inflexible for L2 learners irrespective of their native languages.

Abstract

The question of how people understand what others are saying, even when they do not state their intentions straightforwardly, has been debated ever since Grice put forward a theory of implicature in 1967 (Thomas, 1995). That is, speakers can implicate more or different meanings via the use of implicatures. After Grice’s work, there have been a number of other works on implicatures. On the other hand, there is some research on how people infer each other’s intentions. What has not gained attention yet is developing both implicature and inference into one unified theory; this issue is dealt with within this paper. The paper also investigates how different types of implicatures are produced and how possible inferences are formed in fourteen press conferences, held for Barack Obama the ex-president of the United States of America , as a type of political discourse in which language plays a vital role. Purposes of implicaturegeneration, different models and methods of inferenceformation are also discussed and analyzed. The paper, which is an extract of an MA thesis entitled (An Investigation of Syntax-Pragmatics Interface of Implicature and Inference Formation in the US Presidential Press Conferences), mainly concludes that implicature and inference-formation are two sides of the same coin, and forming inferences by the journalists and the audience for implicatures generated by US ex-president, Barack Obama is not necessarily deductive, inductive or abductive alone, but it apparently enjoys all.

Abstract

This paper is a comparative study of English and Kurdish nominal compounds. It compares compound nouns of the two languages. Compounding is a useful procedure of word construction which is commonly used to be added to the lexical collection of all languages. It attempts to come up with complete typology which can account for both Kurdish and English compounds. Then, there are some concerns applicable to the orthography, stress form, meaning and in compounds will be discussed. There seems to be connection between the orthography and stress form of English compounds. Subsequently, some implications and directions in terms of the interactive properties of Kurdish and English compounds will be discussed.

Abstract The current study offers a foreword about the process of teaching culture and about the effective educational activities which can be used within the curriculum of the EFL. Particularly, this foreword introduces an approach to teach culture and language. The selected approach here induces students motivation and stimulate commitment which can assist cope absence of awareness of expressive intercultural as one of the EFL learning issues. The goal of the present work is to produce a milieu in which students can create their grasp of outputs, performs, and perspective of the foreign culture. Awareness of foreign language culture must be regarded as a prominent factor of English as a foreign language learning and teaching. So, to increase students’ learning, tutors need to contain the culture in teaching EFL. The process of teaching culture is deemed an essential skill in the teaching and learning of language.

Abstract

Hamlet is the most famous work in English literature. In which, Shakespeare‘s brilliance takes the reader to another level of analyzing literary texts. The themes Shakespeare deals with in Hamlet are not new, but it is the first literary work that tries to explore the nature of death. Through Hamlet‘s character, Shakespeare mentions different views of death. Hamlet is a tragic play that is full of bloodsheds, not only because it tries to define the nature of death, but also there is already the death of social values in Hamlet‘s society. This study aims at analyzing the concept of death for Hamlet taking into consideration the different views and doubts about death. It also analyzes the metaphorical death of social and moral values in Elsinore society. These physical and figurative deaths lead to make Hamlet one of the most tragic works in human history. What the reader concludes at the end of this study is that death is something abstracting, and it is inevitable for everyone. However, only one character survives the bloodbath at the end of the play because of his moral attitude.

Abstract

Political texts are unlike other texts as they ''are a part and/or the results of political events", and they are historically and culturally produced in which politics is the main subject matter (Schäffner, 2001:133). Transferring meaning of such text types in the translation process is difficult for translators due to specific terminologies, expressions and linguistic structure. Regarding meaning, Systemic Functional Linguistics (henceforth SFL) identifies three kinds of meaning of language, namely, Ideational, Interpersonal and Textual. The major focus of this research is the Ideational meaning. From this perspective, this paper applies SFL to analyze and discuss the patters of equivalence and shift that are employed to transfer the Ideational meaning of journalistic texts, political texts in particular, in translating from English into Kurdish. With a corpus of 8 pairs of English source texts and their Kurdish translations, the analysis shows that a number of patterns are used to reproduce the source clausal Ideational meaning in the target texts. Finally, the study ends with the main findings and conclusions

Abstract

In this article, we have reviewed the opinions of the Spanish writer "Pio Baroja",in his work the struggle for life , which was reflected through his personal attitudes while living in Madrid , in which he addressed the contradictory nature of society, where disparate ideas as well as class differences in society . The research was divided into three parts of the forms of conflicts: intellectual and class, as well as ethnic. Undoubtedly, the analysis of the writer's positions and aspirations was characterized by some challenge, due to the ambiguity of his positions and contradictory ideas that did not imitate the concept of reform that was characteristic of the members of the generation of '98.

Abstract

La présente étude porte sur l’analyse linguistique des erreurs en FLE chez les étudiants du département de français de la faculté de pédagogie de Waddan à l’université d’Aljufra en Libye dans leur apprentissage du français langue étrangère. Dans notre article, nous allons mettre l’accent sur les interférences linguistiques entre l’arabe et le français. L’objectif de notre travail est d’essayer d’analyser des erreurs récurrentes, relevées dans le corpus de 20 copies de réponses recueillies entre les années 2016 et 2019 et rédigées par 20 étudiants arabophones du FLE au niveau A2 / B1 du CECRL lors de leurs examens du 5ème et 6ème semestre. Nous allons examiner et exposer leur origine et leur source afin d’y remédier et nous allons proposons des pistes de remédiations proposées pour améliorer leur production linguistique en FLE.

Abstract This paper explores the elision of the excessive letter in two derivations in Arabic morphology, namely: the gerund and the participle. In his great lexicon: Al-Muhkam wal-Muheet ul-A'adham the outstanding linguist Ibnu Seeda al-Andalusi. Ibnu Seeda used two terms related to the excessive letters; they are: "elision" and "subtractions" and he suggested elision of the excessive letter in the gerund and the participle. In the examples he presented, Ibnu Seeda suggested the omission of the excessive letters.

Abstract

The poetry of the Iraqi poet Adeeb Kamaluddin is distinguished by tending towards a religious atmosphere of a mystical nature, but it is a modern mysticism that tries to invest the symbolic religious energies in the language to create a special qualitative poetic experience, and perhaps his experience with Arabic letters stands at the forefront of his poetic experiences in this field. This paper is an attempt to explore the layers of this experience in the fourth volume of the poet’s Complete Poetical Works as this volume is rich with a great creative experience in the mystical religious field. The study tries to select poems in which this vision is reflected at its best though all the poems tend to be similar in their structure at the level of language, image, structure and rhythm, and at the level of semiotics, symbol, expression and formation.

Abstract

The research aims to familiarize students of the importance of the study of the Glorious Qur'an. The study reveals many aspects, especially in terms of language , it also aims to release the large role played by morpheme (morphological variation) and variation in the recitation used to the difference in meaning, above all, the paper seeks to answer a specific question: do readers a difference in the use of the present tense morpheme eye and weakening led to a semantic difference, or that it is not at eke versatile? The research in which the researcher adopted the descriptive and analytical approach to the introduction and pave the two section , each section has two demands to study, the first section was theoretical frame work in which the researcher pal morpheme and types, and give indication when the father and modern, the other such practical side in the search, the department in turn to two demand, first: the difference readers morpheme in the present tenses, the other : the difference in eye weakening morpheme. The research has come to several confusions, including: the morpheme that most contentious among readers morpheme present tense, the morpheme weakening eye voqlha, the difference between the readers in these two types of the morpheme resulted in the verses to the semantic differences and in some of them did not lead

Abstract

Despite linguists' difference concerning the base of derivation, whether it is the verb or the infinitive, they agree (except a few of them) on the Vowelizing of the Infinitive Because of Vowelizing the Verb and the contrary is true in the case of consonants. They permitted this application as the infinitive contains the letters of the verb – explicitly or implicitly. All goes on the same vocal base. Moreover, it is admitted to reverse the letters, especially with the case of reversing vowels. This topic was not tackled in details by linguists and therefore, this research is an attempt to gather these pieces of information about this subject adopting the place of the vowels in the words as a method and recommending further studies of this topic

Abstract

The mask in Yahya As-Samawi's poetry is used as an objective correlative of the self, endowing it with his own voice and his actuality. He interacts with it in complete union where the poet's experience melts and intermingles with the mask's personae. The poet endeavours through the mask to break the powerful overflow of his feelings and direct sensations. As for the symbol, it is one tributary of the image that endows it with immortality. The paper is divided into two sections: The first section deals with the mask and its significance in the literary text, its types and example of it. The second is devoted to the literary symbol, its use and its effect on adding suggestiveness, beauty and suspension to the text. The paper ends with the conclusion which gives a summary of the results of the study.

Abstract

The artistic image in its multiple varied patterns is considered one of the most prominent elements of the poem in all ages. The poem cannot be composed without an artistic image that expresses its poetic essence because it will lose a pillar of its aesthetic composition. Every academic critical study that tackles a specific poet or a specific poem looks at the artistic image as an aesthetic dimension that is indispensable. The artistic image is usually of multiple shapes, formulas and signs regarding its relationship to poetic structure, language, and rhythm . Salah Abdus-Sabour is one of the pioneering Arab poets, as he is the most prominent poet of modernity in Egypt since the early fifties with Ahmed Abdul-Mu’ti Hujazi, Mohammad Afifi Matar, and others. However, Abdus-Sabour is distinguished by his transparent poetic pictorial language that depends on a new language in Expression and composition. That is why the researchers find it appropriate that the poems of Abdus-Sabour are a fertile topic for this research in the field of artistic image patterns in modern Arab poetry.

Abstract

It is rhythm that makes poetry different from prose. The poetic texts that had reached us from ancient times were composed following rhythms and rules which were different from those regulating the composition of poetry. This was in ancient times; but as for what distinguishes poetry today, it is external music, represented by metre and rhyme-scheme including equal syllables that are able to create a sort of effective rhythm that touches the human self. As for other non-human creatures (animals, for example), it is a wellknown fact that they are moved by music as what happens in the circus. A professor in an Iraqi university says thet he has heard a camel-herd singing to his camels "Huduho, huduhudo, huduho, huduhudo" and they moved their legs according to the pace of this rhythm. Though these words, in fact, were meaningless, they match the Taweel (long) metre consisting It is rhythm that makes poetry different from prose. The poetic texts that had reached us from ancient times were composed following rhythms and rules which were different from those regulating the composition of poetry. This was in ancient times; but as for what distinguishes poetry today, it is external music, represented by metre and rhyme-scheme including equal syllables that are able to create a sort of effective rhythm that touches the human self. As for other non-human creatures (animals, for example), it is a wellknown fact that they are moved by music as what happens in the circus. A professor in an Iraqi university says thet he has heard a camel-herd singing to his camels "Huduho, huduhudo, huduho, huduhudo" and they moved their legs according to the pace of this rhythm. Though these words, in fact, were meaningless, they match the Taweel (long) metre consisting of: fa'ulun-mafa'ilun-fa'ulun-mafa'ilun.As for the human self, the love of music does not need any proof.

Abstract

There are nouns that cannot be added to other words. These are: pronouns, demonstrative nouns, relative nouns and interrogative nouns except for ayu (any) which can be added. Some of them can be added and can stand alone as well like ghulam (boy), kitab (book), hisan (horse) and so on. Others should be added to other words and this is the topic of this paper.. This paper reached at the conclusion that nouns which should be added to other words are of two types: nouns that are added to the singular and nouns that are added to the sentence. On the other hand, nouns that are added to the singular are of two types: nouns that cannot be separated from adjunction and nouns that cannot be separated verbally, not semantically which means that the genitive is explicitly intended in the mind

Abstract

After presenting the educational and social values in the prose of Aktham bin Saifi and the commandments, judgments and proverbs we stood upon, they carried a psychological character that corresponds to the exploits of virtues and the praiseworthy virtues on which the righteous family and the right society are based, and it was the most and the one that prevails over the morals of the Arab before Islam in concealment of the secret and the work of good and morals Honesty, forgiveness and forgiveness are positive values that the Glorious Qur’an and the noble Prophet’s hadith urged. Aktham revealed some negative traits that destroy society, such as envy, gossip, and frequent speech. Islam forbids these qualities. From a bad impact on the building of society, it rises to the duality of good and evil and between the praised and the blameworthy as things become clear and the inputs of their balance are revealed with their opposites. A healthy society is one that adopts the values of good and distanced from evil

Abstract

This paper deals with tagged (The synergistic, complementary and coding in the indication of the Kurdish language); two parts or two important chapters and two basic language connotation and trading science Pragmatism in language. One of them correlation deals with the meaning of a word or term for a word or other term and it means the partnership with one word to another, which is inherent to it, according to the place and nature of social relations and the inherited customs and traditions, how to form an accompaniment between those two words and similarities. The difference and cross-comparison with the topics of inclusion and all with each other are within semantics. As for the second chapter, we refer to the subject of symbol and coding in language and its economic feasibility and intellectual on the language of the individual and what are the opinions and trends about the symbol in the connotation of the Kurdish language. It is almost the language of the times in living languages, especially developed languages and advanced on others. The subject of the symbol is one of the important topics that occupies a large area in linguistics and what is there is no doubt that since the ancient man used the symbol in various fields. We conclude the search with a table of common symbols between the languages of the world and the results of the most important things that we have come to this search with a list of sources that were used in writing this research.

Abstract

Sabri was one of the greatest Kurdish classical poets in Kirkuk .And he magnified in figurative language, his impression demonstrates through his literary work. In this research which labeled (The Ornamentation of Sabri's poetry. I have chosen the famous poet in Kurdish literature who was the splendid poet and established the classical school in Kurdish poetry after the pioneers of classical poetry (Nali , Salim and Kurdi). The aim of the research is to personification of aspects of the marvelous figurative language through his poems. The research is divided into three parts -: -The first part is subdivided into two studies: First study : we define ornamention and all its types while in the second study we deal with the Ornamentation and discuss the art of figure of speech according to poetry image by Sabri's poetry. The second part ,we study the science of figurative of speech by meaning according to the Sabir's peoms. The last part ,we deal with the excellent complex from the superb figurative language Afterwards ,in addition we had mentioned the aim and summary in Arabic and English language also enrolled my listing margin and resources