Journal of Language Studies

Abstract

For the time being Native Americans still doubt and question their
status amid the American nation. The consciousness of being marginal
and subjugated appears clearly in their literature. Within the rising
voices that echo widely against repression and injustice, they have had
their voice, a voice that reflects historical agony, cultural deprivation,
and political stings. Moreover, what distinguishes their voices is the
amount of mutilation and loss that turns into humor and sarcasm. This
voice ceaselessly tries to bring back a fragmented identity from ashes.
Sherman Alexie, a poet, novelist, short story writer, filmmaker,
essayist, and comedian, is one of the best to adopt the role of fighting
for his people to reclaim their status. His people and their dignified and
excruciating survival inform much of his multi-genre works and unify
his style. Frequently, the black humor technique pops up in his poems

Abstract

Assimilation is a phonological process where there is a change of one sound into another due to the effect of neighboring sound(s). It is one of the most important types of sound change. So in rapid, as well in slow speech, sounds tend to assimilate others in order to maintain a continuous flow of speech. This paper is focused on systematic classification of assimilatory processes found in connected speech in Arabic with reference to English. It represents a complex typology of assimilation based on 10 different analytical perspectives resulting almost in 40 types of assimilation. In addition to that, it is used as a tool for analyzing other connected speech phenomena of other languages.

Abstract

This study deals with the differences between British and American English synonyms in tourism language (i.e. hotel, travel, transportation, and so on.). And if these differences affect on the listener's understanding, or not. The problem lies in the differences between British – American English, in the language variations in (lexical synonyms ) in the regional dialect, geographical dialect, social dialect that may affect on meaning of the intended word in tourism field, because of the differences between two communities, and how these communities used these synonyms. These variations of the Source Language British and American English (BrE and AmE) spoken by native speakers or non- native speakers may affect on the listener’s understanding (receiver’s understanding) and lose the intended meaning of the tourism synonyms.
The aim of the study is to identify the language variation of BrE and AmE and the varieties of English dialects, and how are these varieties affect on the understanding of the listener and recipient in the British and American societies. Know the extent of the effect these varieties on the understanding of the listener and recipient in British and American societies.

Abstract

The ingenuity is to employ the dramatic elements in dramatizing a poem. The present paper assumes that the correlation between drama and poetry may facilitate this literary touch. Another assumption is that this sensitive relationship between these two genres lies on different circumstantial forces and necessities that are impacted by time and culture. To verify the ingenuity of creating dramatic poetry by transferring the dramatic elements into a poem, and to confirm the assumptions mentioned above, the present paper is devoted to analyze representative poems.
Kenneth Koch (1925 – 2002) was an American author. He was a poet, playwright, and narrator. It may be said that he was the pacemaker of the movement of the modern dramatization of poetry. He was a nonstop writer until his death. He dramatized a great number of famous poems with important contribution in prospering the movement of dramatization of poetry like "Earth" (1959), "Thank You and Other Poems" (1962), "The Art of Love" (1975), "Duplications" (1977), "From the Air" (1979), "Days and

Abstract

This study investigates the role of the stylistic analysis in increasing the comprehension of the EFL students of the poetic texts.
It focuses on presenting some linguistic categories of three poems of Thomas Hardy. These poems are preceded by a a test and followed by the same test.
Then, it compares and measures the answers of the subjects to judge whether there is any improvement in their interpretation of the selected poems. It also sheds light on the distinctive features of Hardy's poetic language. Finally, the study infers that stylistic analysis has an undeniable pedagogical importance for students who study English as a foreign language.

Abstract

The present study tackles the lexicographical
standards, criteria and properties that are required for the compilation
of school dictionaries. The school dictionaries refer to these
dictionaries used in the successive stages of schools to assist the
students in language learning. This pedagogical tool is overused by the
school students side by side with the other pedagogical subjects; the
school dictionary is used not only for looking up the meaning of
vocabularies, but also for pronunciation, spelling, grammar,
synonymy, antonym, use of words, and etymology. These dictionaries
should be provided with a simple language, clear definitions,
explanations, illustrative examples, and fascinating colorful pictures.
The advancement of technology has extremely influenced the school
dictionaries because various types of newly invented and ornamental
tools have made these dictionaries more interesting and attractive; this
increases the students’ favor for using and reading. This study aims to
provide a comprehensive account for the school dictionaries and it
probes into the scientific standards of lexicography existing in these

Abstract

This paper deals with the receptivity of EFL learners who
study English as a foreign language at the Faculty of Arts at Anbar
University in Iraq. Departments of Geography, Sociology and Arabic
were taken as samples of the study because they have been studying
English for four years. The objective of the study is to evaluate the
learners' acceptability of learning English for four years and their
opinions about the curriculum designed for eight courses. As the
study attempts to measure the validity of teaching humanitarian
departments English for four years and whether they are convinced
in this decision or not. It has been proved that the learners of the three
departments request to reduce the numbers of courses from eight to
four with the average of two years. Achieving the questionnaire
which consists of (11) questions facilitates evaluating the

Abstract

Significantly, human life is reflected in literary works that covered the
suffering and painful moments. In literature, the spiritual wounds are
functioned to illustrate trauma and its effect on self-confidence.
Through acting situations, trauma is connected dramatically with
flashback and yesteryears images of self-destruction. Particularly, the
wounded self is analyzed through social and political perspectives in
which that self is examined and healed by the therapeutic
understanding that literature provides. Widely, this genre is given a
space in theatres to illustrate the stormy life of real and imaginative
characters who deeply discuss the traumatic effect and the foreshadow
bonds to the experiences of the past.
In monodramas, playwrights put into consideration the influence of
place and events in the reformulation of the self. Therapeutically, the
concept of trauma draws attention to the role of place and the subject
matter which are dealt with metaphorically by characters. The variant

Abstract

One of the main undertakings of the youthful human being is to
become familiar with the language of the general public into which the
individual is conceived. Typically, it takes numerous years to obtain
the dominance of language expected of mature adult. But, methods of
studying languages are getting developed to help people to get more
information about languages (whether their L1 or other languages they
are interested in) with less effort and time. One of the methods is
contrastive study. Studies of this kind help people with interest to
know more about languages by seeing the differences and similarities
between their elements.
Moreover , a contrastive analysis of syntactic aspects of languages
shows how languages share some universal syntactic properties, for
example VP is seen to be universal , and , at the same time, how
generating the constituents may vary substantially. The current

Abstract

Cette recherche comprend une exposition de la problématique de
la traduction de la polysémie dans le Coran, et la comparaison de
trois traductions de trois différents traducteurs, le but de telle
comparaison c'est d'arriver à comprendre au premier plan, les
vraies dimensions de cette même problématique, et au deuxième
plan, de choisir quelle traduction d'entre eux se considère la plus
proche du texte coranique en ce qui concerne le sens. Au début,
nous parlons de l'importance de la polysémie dans une langue et
comment les linguistes et les spécialistes considèrent la polysémie
comme nécessite linguistique parce qu'elle nous délivre de mettre
un mot pour chaque sens, en tant qu'un seul mot porte de plusieurs
sens unis phonétiquement, c'est pourquoi on l'appelle

Abstract

The importance of this research stems from the principle of interest
in the heritage of the Arabic language, especially in the late ages,
which was a link between the outstanding masterpieces of clasical
literature with the eleventh century AH. The essence of the attention
is based on two prominent scholars, the first is Imam Ibn al-Majradi,
known for his great efforts in language and for his poem "Nadhm ul-
Mijradiyah". The second is (Ybork) or (Ibork) nicknamed Al-
Semalali, who explained this poem with extensive commentaries that
help the reader to understand what is meant by the original text. This
paper, therefore, is an attempt to shed light on the linguistic thinking
of that era, through examining this work and to attract the attention to
the western countries of the Arab Homelend, to encourage researchers,
to do further studies related to the scholars of Arabic language.

Abstract

A new literary and critical phenomenon emerged lately after the
appearance of globalization and it attracted the attention of Arab
critics and scholars because it raises a question about the position of
Arabic literature and thought in the contemporary intellectual milieu.
It also indicated that an intellectual crisis is at hand which may drive
the Arab intellectual to the verge on the unknown creating disorder
and confusion in his thinking by trying to thrust him into the turmoil
of the information technological revolution, driving him to forget his
past under the pretext of the demise of ideology, self-denial, freedom
and awareness. In the field of literature and literary criticism, these
nomenclatures produced new literary and critical movements which
did not belong to a particular identity; on the contrary, they were
close to unconsciousness and absorbed in unawareness and
irresponsibility which contributed to man's loss of identity. These
thoughts caused the vanishing of many principles and values of the
Arabs. However, literature as an enormous organism of values
retained some of them that upkept the spirit of belonging and showed
the importance of identity as thought and practice which are able to
bring originality back to maintain the Arabian poet's attitude to

Abstract

Contrast does not mean opposition or disintegration;
it is an essential part of texts. A writer or a speaker resorts to the
use of contrast in order to give a vivid image of a scene or an
idea. This means that when a speaker uses two opposite
expressions, the intention is to convey a vast and clear message
of the text. When one says "black", for instance, this calls to
mind the thought of "white" and this perception may have
ramifications far from the intention of the sender of the message,
so the speaker resorts to contrast in a similar context to show
more comprehensive sides for the specific required meaning.
This paper, therefore, is devoted to the study of contrast in Imam
Hassan's prayers to shed light on a text from the early Islamic era
before the spread of jargon and error in Arabic language. Three
types of contrast are examined in three sections: Contrast in
mentioning the traits of Almighty God, contrast in the
comparison between Almighty God and others of His creatures
and contrast in the features of man. The study concludes that
Imam Hussein depends in his concepts on the Holy Qur'an and
the reason is that he was close to revelation of the Holy Qur'an
and he was brought up by Prophet Mohammad as well as his
parents. The contrast in his prayers was an image of his age,
between his father's death and his own death.

Abstract

The textual studies are considered the last of the linguistic studies
after the structural school which focused on the structure led by de
Saussure, and semantics which attempted to focus on determining the
semantic dimension of the linguistic value represented by the
transformative generative school led by Noam Chomsky, followed by
the approach that targeted the linguistic activity, which was founded
on the principle of dialogue under the theory of communication
(Pragmatics), led by Del Hyms, to finally reach the stage of textual
studies, which called for the search for a larger unit of sentence to be
a field of study. The text appeared and received great interest from
scholars such as Harris, Helmsley, Stumble, Dick Van and others.
This paper is an attempt to explore a number of the textual
features of "Al-Lail Sura" and it begins with an introduction which
deals with a review of what the modern critical studies say about the
text, how these features are included in the miraculous text of this
sura which helped in exploring the various textual phenomena in its
context. The study begins with the title of the sura, the other features

Abstract

This paper aims at shedding light on one of the books of
commentaries on the Hadith, namely Minhat ul-Bari bi Sharhi
Saheeh il-Bukhari (The Gift of God in Explaining Sahih al-
Bukhari) and exploring the rhetorical aspects employed by the
commentator in his book regarding the three types of metaphor:
the conceit, implicit and explicit metaphor. The paper also tries
to compare his views with his predecessors and followers and to
show his rhetorical points of strength..

Abstract

This paper is an attempt to study the linguistic efforts of
Sheikh Abdul-Aziz Al-Samarra'i. If the scholars of syntax have talked
about speech as consisting of two nouns or verb and noun, Sheikh
Abdul-Aziz Al-Samarra'i divides speech into three sections: the
speaker, the addressee and the third person. Each of them is either
masculine or feminine, as the result of multiplying 3 x 2 = 6 (six), and
each of them is either single, dual or plural, so the result of multiplying
6 x 3 = 18 (eighteen) types, and this is what it requires mental division,
but the existing forms are only (14). The Sheikh said that in these
tables, mental division requires (18) forms and the existing are (14).He
opens his book talking about the Arabic verb in its three forms: past,
present and imperative, and the use of the proper negation articles.
Then he talks about the noun, beginning with the present participle,
the adjective, the infinitive, the time-nominal, the place-nominal, the
m-infintive, the two verbs of exclamation and concludes with
important notifications
The paper is divided into three main sections: Section One is devoted
to his life and works, Section Two deals with his linguistic efforts in
the conjugation of verbs and Section Three to his efforts in the
conjugation of nouns. The paper ends with a conclusion which sums
up results of the study.

Abstract

This paper is an attempt to explore the technical aspects
of Sheikh Abdul-Qahir Al-Jurjani's theory of versification which is
scattered in his book Dala'il ul-I'jaz and to collect these dispersed parts.
Al-Jurjani's theory of versification represented an outstanding
critical and rhetorical achievement in the Arabic critical rhetorical
tradition because it provided answers to many critical questions at that
early epoch in the history of Arabic literary criticism. It, therefore,
attracted the attention of critics and rhetoricians at all subsequent
times. Such a theory can never be found in his predecessors except for
some hints in Ibnul Muqaffa' and Al-Jahidh's works though the idea of
versification was common among the Mu'tazila and Ash'ariya but it
was not evident; it was just mere hints which no one had interpreted in
detail except Al-Jurjani who gave it much importance and talked about
it in details, linking sound to sense, rhetorical figures of speech to the
miraculous nature of Qur'anic language. Al-Jurjani's theory of
versification has become a scientific basis for the interpretation of the
Holy Qur'an. Furthermore, some critics tried to link Al-Jurjani's theory
with contemporary stylistics and poetics.

Abstract

This paper is an attempt to explore parody in prose letters by
examining three writers: Al-Qadhi Al-Fadhil, Ibn ul-Atheer, and
Al-Imad ul-Asfahani. The study tries to explore the influence of Al-
Qadhi il-Fadhil style on Ibn ul-Atheer and Al-Asfahani ecause both
of them followed Al-Fadil's style in composition whether in the
opening lines or in the body of the letter. The study proves that
Al-Qadi Al-Fathil was a distinguished pioneer while Al-Ima was an
imitator of his style. On the other hand, Ibn ul-Atheer also imitated
Al-Qathi Al-Fadhil with slight differencre.

Abstract

This paper is an attempt to trace th lines in the personality of the poet
Nazik Al-Mala'ika as far as the reasons behind pain are concerned
because recognizing the hidden motives behind her long poems that
are obsessed with pain will open new horizons for the readers to
appreciate the implicit meaning of every line, poem, or whisper. The
paper is divided into an introduction, two sections and a conclusion.
The first section is devoted to the individual motives behind pain and
is subdivided into two parts; the first deals with personal motives and
the second with those related to her family. The second section is also
divided into two parts; the first traces the general motives which are
more diverse such as poverty and the oppression of woman and the
second sheds light on the plight of man in Iraq, in the Arab homeland
and the world at large which, combined together, provided the poet
with a strong motive for pain. The paper ends with the conclusion
which sums up the results of the study.

Abstract

Abu Nawas is an Abbasid poet whose life and poetry were different
from those of his contemporaries. As a child, he lived a hard life, being
born for an Iraqi father and Persian mother. His poetry was like his
life, being a reflection and internal and psychological rebellion. He
was known as "the poet of wine" because he devoted much of his
poetry to drink. However, he wrote on many other poetic topics such
as satire, love, elegies, and hunting. Abu Nawas rebelled against the
traditional love-opening in classical poems and rejected the tribal
pride. He also innovated the use of poetic image depending mainly on
metaphor. He also employed new poetic techniques, unfamiliar themes
and succeeded in his rebellion to be followed by numerous poets. The
paper concludes that Abu Nawas was a true rebellious poet who put
down new bases for poetic innovation in the first Abbasid Age.