Journal of Language Studies

Abstract

This paper addresses the issue of translatability of dialect in the translation of literary texts. It tackles dialect as a means of depicting the identity of the characters in literature. And it sheds light on the relationship between identity and language because using dialect is manifested and related significantly to the social stand of the characters in literary works. The translator of the text under study faces the problem of the existence of a linguistic variety in the original text, which depicts the close connection between the addressee, the means and the context in which it is employed. Hence, the difficulty in translating dialects in literary works is a linguistic problem, as well as a pragmatic and semiotic one, that is the presence of dialect in the text provides meanings and connotations far further than the linguistic level. That is why, in translating and tackling this variety of language, used by the author as a means of characterization or as a social class marker, this variety was standardized and flattened by the translator. The researcher concludes that the presence of dialects in Wuthering Heights adds communicative, stratificational, cultural, and semiotic value to the text. As far as translation is concerned, this forms extra challenges for the translator.

Abstract

Anti-heroism in children’s literature becomes one of the scholarly interests in recent times. Anti-heroism reveals the lack of heroic traits and imperfection of protagonists and emphasizes their failure as being ideals and icons for children. This research discusses Jeff Kinney’s Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2007) aiming to examine anti-heroism in Greg Heffley’s character, using Sigmund Fraud’s psychoanalysis theory and mind structure of Id, Ego, and Superego. The study argues the struggle of middle child in the family and his behavior in the school showing the problems faced by him as a protagonist who unexpectedly go through many shortcomings and downfalls. The study answers questions as why Greg Heffley is portrayed as an anti-hero and how does the psychoanalytic approach help to examine the structure of Greg’s personality? This study is divided into two sections and a conclusion. Section one sheds light on anti-heroism, children literature and Sigmund Fraud’s theory of psychoanalysis. Section two deals with the novel’s analysis according to Fraud’s theory of psychoanalysis showing antihero qualities in the protagonist’s behavior. The last part of the study is the conclusion that sums up the findings of the study.

Abstract

This study deals with William Faulkner's novel, The Sound and the Fury (1929). In the United States, no writer sounds more American than William Faulkner, who impresses the reader as being deeply rooted in his native land. Faulkner's favorite subject is the decline and moral disintegration of the South. The Sound and the Fury depicts how the Old Southern Order was, in Faulkner's words, "cursed" by slavery and bore the seeds of ruin in itself. Faulkner's work reflects a modern world beset by moral confusion

Abstract

This study is intended to investigate the discoursal functions of minor sentences in Disney children’s stories. These sentences do not follow the regular clause structure patterns or the variants of those structures. Minor sentences are of two types: irregular sentences (henceforth IrrSs) and nonsentences (henceforth NonSs). The study aims at (i) identifying the discoursal functions of of IrrSs and NonSs in Disney stories, and (ii) investigating the most frequent discoursal functions of minor sentences in the selected data. Fulfilling the above aims, the study hypothesizes that the most discoursal functions of IrrSs and NonSs are used in Disney children’s stories. It is also hypothesized that surprise and summoning are the most frequent functions of those minor sentences in Disney children’s stories. The study examines the discoursal functions of irregular sentences and nonsentences in fifteen Disney children’s stories. The data are analyzed according to Quirk et al.'s (1985) model. The results show that (15) discoursal functions appear through using IrrSs, while (41) discoursal functions appear through using NonSs. The results also show that surprise and summoning are the most frequent functions of minor sentences that represent (11.25%) and (8.76%) respectively of the total number of minor sentences. The study concludes that the most discoursal functions of IrrSs and NonSs are used in Disney children’s stories. It is also concluded that surprise and summoning are the most frequent functions of minor sentences.

Abstract

Some children appear to grow normally until they face the academic demands of school. These learners cannot make their way continue compensating for the added content-learning demands. Their performance problems are sometimes rooted in reading disorders. Reading disorder is a specific learning disability described by disorders with correct and /or fluent word recognition, and poor spelling and decoding abilities. This study aims to highlight the characteristic features of reading disorder and the skill area affected by students suffering from reading so that they can be used as a basis for identifying this disorder among learners. The study concludes that the main characteristics of reading disorder could be found in the following areas 'reading, writing and the general aspect of learner's life'. Besides, the skill area affected by students with a reading disorder is realized by a deficit in the main components of being a good reader, that is: (reading decoding, word recognition, reading fluency, and reading comprehension). A deficit in one of these components could result in a reading disability by learners.

Abstract

The research is an attempt to focus on some common terms of computer sciences and remote sensing. It aims at proving that translating such terms, which have been chosen randomly from different references, from Arabic into English constitutes problems, posing difficulties for fourth year students of translation / University of Mosul. The study hypothesizes that some terms cause confusion for fourth students of translation due to the lack of adequate scientific background knowledge in the fields of computer sciences and remote sensing. Sometimes, absence of linguistic background knowledge of some phenomena hinders the translation of terms in these fields. It is handy for the students in the study to know what these terms could mean by resorting to dictionaries, knowing the scientific fields in the study, and having a good span of time for the questionnaire. However, not having adequate background knowledge of scientific terms in general and in these fields make some students stand helpless in translating the terms from Arabic into English.

Abstract

This paper investigates an important subject in English; that is “the correct order of adjectives in front of a noun in a noun phrase”. If the learners of English wants to speak and write like a native speaker, they must avoid using wrong order of adjectives which sounds ackward and odd for native listeners. The investigator of this article views that this research can be regarded as an important chance to improve the learners’ ability in understanding this aspect of English grammar because the research will show you how to list adjectives in the correct order, which will make you sound more natural when you speak.

Abstract

Emotionally triggered utterances consist of sentences and phrases which express delight, annoyance and surprise which gather under the general title of expressive speech acts or exclamatives, and deserve a comprehensive study in terms of their semantics, pragmatics, and even audio and acoustic features. The purpose of this paper is to explain and describe the illocutionary features of these types of affective sentences and phrases based on Searle’s theory. The research method is based on the use of library resources and descriptive method. In addition, in this article, the role of intentional power in determining the form and meaning of exclamative sentences and expressions, the distribution of these sentences from the point of view of speech acts and subsequently, the semantic constraints imposed on these sentences and phrases are examined. Finally, it is concluded that exclamative sentences and phrases, or in short, exclamatives, represent a unique category of verbal acts.

Abstract

The paper relies heavily on Reichenbach’s model of time whereby, the verb tense is employed to highlight the moment in which an event occurred in relation to the moment of its description. Tense together with time adverbs and adverbials definitely determine whether an event is reported in the timely chronological order, reversed order , or whether there is a time gap intermingling between the events on the time line or not. This paper addresses the subject-verb dichotomy, tackling the possible problems that translators may encounter in their quest to present successful renderings despite the profound differences between the two languages in the possible sentence patterns, places, order of places and the way of realizing, fitting and ordering elements onto the places. The paper aims primarily at probing deep into the topic by highlighting the characteristics of this subject-verb dichotomy. To achieve the aim, it is hypothesized that: translating the full stretch of the dichotomy poses serious problems for translators and that a sound translation can be given despite the divergencies between Arabic and English. In order to validate the hypotheses and achieve the objectives, a detailed account about the dichotomy is given, the major types, functions and features of the relation are tackled, a group of Arabic-English translation examples are selected and the Chafean Theory is adopted so as to help translators put forth some semantically sound and specially grammatically correct renderings.

Abstract

The following study focuses on surveying teachers’ attitudes towards the four reciprocal teaching strategies (RTSs) which include; prediction, clarifying, questioning, and summarization in EFL high school classes by English Language teachers in Erbil city. Achieving this objective, the researcher needs to understand the difficulties that both teachers and students face in understanding the contents of reading texts. The present study attempts to evaluate high school teachers’ attitudes (negative or positive) towards the four RTS teaching strategies, and to detect the extent to which they apply such strategies in their teaching sessions. This is mandatory since reading comprehension is very essential skill for high school students who will move to the post-secondary (university) stage that needs more effort for learning the language and overcoming reading obstacles. A quantitative method has been used for the sake of achieving the aims of the study, thus a teachers questionnaire was distributed on One hundred EFL high school teachers were which represent the sample of the study .in addition , an observation checklist was used to observe twenty-five EFL teachers to find out the way they are using the four strategies of RTSs. The teachers were randomly selected in public high schools in Erbil Directorate of Education. The data of the current study were analyzed by using SPSS version (22). The findings of this current study for both tools reveal the real attitudes of secondary school teachers of English, and the extent to which they deal with the four reciprocal strategies while teaching reading. Finally, for helping teachers and students to be familiarized with the four reciprocal teaching strategies, a number of useful recommendations are suggested. Also, a number of suggestions for further studies are presented.

Abstract

Celebrity is the condition of being famous, known and recognized in each community due to the attention given by social media to specific (celebrated) figures. Different notions have been attached to the term like fame, heroism, star, ideology, media, power, and commodity to gain different meanings. A common definition identifies a celebrity with fame. A celebrity is well-known due to their well-knownness. This fame has been ascribed to celebrity figures due to specific positions or achievements (such as Prince William and Prince Harry of the British royal family, Paris Hilton, Miley Cyrus, and so on). The term has taken on new, contemporary definitions that outline a fresh viewpoint in which a celebrity builds their potential for fame not by holding notable positions or accomplishing lofty goals but by setting themselves apart from their rivals in the public eye. The current paper aims to unveil the different meanings of the celebrity concept focusing on the latest identification and highlighting some new terminologies that appeared recently, such as those of 'celebrification' (the process of being a celebrity due to specific achievements, achievement-based fame) and 'celebritization' (the process of being raised to the level of a celebrity due to the media and entertainment, media-driven renown). It is believed that the concept's meaning has been developed greatly throughout history due to mass media advances. Hence worth searching and tracing. The paper ends with the basic conclusion, which states that the meaning has been revised and gives a new definition to the concept of celebrity.

Abstract

This study discussed the nature of Conrad's fictional narrative style in forming collective images whose significance varies according to the angle from which he looks, as it directs the readers' attention towards the theoretical issues that he tests in his writings. It represents a kind of intellectual drama involving imaginative language, which assumes that Conrad discovered and tested his literary theories while writing the text, although he does not use critical language easily identifiable in his writings when it comes to establishing his convictions as it is characterized by a lack of clarity of purpose and a kind of philosophical narrative, as described by some critics, the hidden aspects included in the text extend to the reality of the characters and their being, as if they were living in a state of uncertainty, especially in the character of Captain Marlow in Lord Jim's novel.

Abstract

The research studies the description in an analytical way for the narrative collection of Manfa and Malakout (Exile and the Kingdom) of the great French writer (Albert Camus), whose writings were characterized by vitality and artistic richness. In addition to the novelty in the topics, the research has included an introduction and three sections. The introduction has presented the meaning of description in language and terminology, its functions and its intimate relationship with narration. Then it is followed by a brief summary of the French narrator and novelist (Albert Camus) and the most important joints of his life and literary production, while the first section has dealt with the description restricted to the narration, that is, the descriptive narration, and the description directed by the narration in three modes (simple, complex, and spread). As for the second section, it was for the free description in its three parts (the description indicative of an internal psychological emotion, the paving description of the occurrence of the event, and then the description indicative of the event. As for the third section, it has dealt with the categorical and expressive descriptions based on the precise descriptive details directed to the descriptor, whether it is: (personal, event, or place) and what each one of these descriptive processes confers on aesthetic, artistic, ornamental, illusory, or tempting goals and values. And seductiveness to completely deprive the recipient of the reality and realism of what is read and imagined, or expla.natory and investigative, that surrounds adequate information about the personality, (its intentions, behavior, and actions) and all that surrounds it of materials and objects and shows the indications that resulted from it.

Abstract

The communication among sciences is considered a method of sustaining the scientific movement at the modern and ancient times . The fruits of this communication are reflected on many issues illustratively and understandingly . And, the communication between grammar and its origins and jurisprudence and its origins was and still is an important aspect of sciences reaction and integrity .The Holy Quran and the Prophetic tradition , the main sources of Islamic legislation , were a cause of establishing the linguistic sciences as grammar, morphology, rhetoric and dictionaries as well as they were a cause of establishing the Islamic law sciences like : doctrine, interpretation, and jurisprudence with its origins . Syntax was of the most important sciences for it is the most correlated to the Islamic jurisprudence and is considered a term to access the diligence rank in jurisprudence . The relationship between grammar and jurisprudence is based on affecting and being affected . The book ( Al-Kawkab Al-Durri fi ma yatakharraj ala al-Usoul al-Nahaweya min al-Fouroua’ al-faqheya ) by Imam Jamal-addin Al-Esnawi ( 772 A.H.) had a favour in revealing the great aspect of this relationship that we will attempt to examine its components and occurrences .

Abstract

This study, tagged with (text structures and their implications in Surat An-Nahl in the light of the consistency criterion), seeks to shed light on the most important textual criterion by which the textuality of the text is achieved, which is the consistency criterion set by Robert de Beaugrand among the seven textual criteria that combine and collaborate in achieving the textuality of the text and the strength of its cohesion and cohesion. In form and content, distinguishing text from non-text and semi-texts, and monitoring the impact of this criterion and its effectiveness in achieving the formal consistency of textual structures in Surat An-Nahl and showing its connotations and expressive values. They are: grammatical consistency, which includes a set of mechanisms: (linking, substitution, deletion, referral), and lexical consistency, which consists of repetition and conjunction. The study in its entirety consists of an introduction, an explanatory section, and two main sections, each topic containing a group of demands, and ends its course and is directed by a conclusion in which it deposited its most important conclusions, followed by a list of sources and references

Abstract

The Noble Qur’an was revealed in Arabic, and it has attracted the attention of scholars and researchers; So they searched its sciences and secrets, and sects and grammatical schools were appeared, and the goal was to serve the language of the Holy Book. This interest has maintained its continuity and permanence to this day. This study aims to follow this academic holly jorney to serve this holly language through studying ( consistency by omission - in the light of studying combining text based on defining this phenomenon -consistency by omission. Then the types of this omission were mentioned based on the application of it by omiting the noun, omitting the verb and the sentence, with evidence from the two honorable Al-Zahraween.

Abstract

The research investigates the statement of the linking function performed by the reference to pronouns as one of the most important tools of grammatical cohesion for textual texts, who confirmed that pronouns are among the most prominent linguistic units that undertake the task of linking parts of the text, as they refer to previous or subsequent references mentioned in the text or located outside it . We have traced the reference points with the pronouns in the (Proverbs Complex) to Al-Maidani, as it is a heritage blog that was concerned with collecting the texts of Arabic proverbs; To show the role played by this type of reference in achieving textual coherence between the two ends of the reference, the referrer and the referent in the texts of proverbs, trying to prove a number of things, including: Confirming the authenticity of the heritage Arabic text by revealing the value of the referential links that led to its cohesion at the formal levels and The semantic, and the confirmation of the textual unity of the proverbs as well as their ability to textual analysis, and the statement of the value of the linguistic and diacritical contexts represented by the situation or occasion that necessitated the saying of the proverb, and the impact of this in revealing the relationship between the two referral parties. Which will be shown by the following sections: The first topic: referral with the first person pronouns, the second topic: referral with the second person pronouns, the third topic: referral with the third person pronouns.

Abstract

The novel responds to the female presence more than other literary genres, as its narrative elements contribute to receiving the female discourse and supplying it by expressing their thoughts, emotions, and gentle voices, and exploring their subconscious spaces by expressing their value. Women’s issues, and for this reason feminist writings rose to establish glory for women in parallel with what the man wrote, in addition to the importance of the central female presence in building the narrative space and her presence on the narration scene because the female narrator differs from the male narrator who dominated the scene by presenting the relationships of women through masks, and here this cry achieves a revolution Against the adoption of masculinity all the joints of life. The appearance of a woman and her call to live her world and express herself without feeling the dominance of the family (father/brother) was shaped when she observed perspectives that feed into her literary production through her relationship with her body or with the man, because writing about herself makes her more honest than the man, as this appeared through Feminist creativity in literary practice, so it seemed active and productive, and had a speciality with its awareness, language, independence of speech and thinking. The spontaneous dreaming child with a scene conveying the development of the life stages of women and the places mentioned in them and the relationships with family and friends, passing through the primary school stage and then university, which witnessed the great shift in her life, her ideas and her relations with others, as well as the transformation of the narrative language from its spontaneity to its maturity in proportion to age, and the novel showed Techniques in presentation and qualitative transitions transcended the linear narration in classic novels, mixing with imagination and activating the senses effectively and in a language that sought to sharpen The feminine atmosphere by conducting the tale obtained on the current real woman issue, because Shahd Al-Rawi is the character of the novel.

Abstract

tanawal albahth jameaan li'alfaz alghadir min alkutub alllughawiat walmuejamat alearabiat , waqam bidirasat 'usul tasmiatiha wadalalatiha eind alearab , waqassamtuh ealaa mabhathyn , tanawal almabhath al'awwal 'alfazaan khussat alghadir ean ghayrih min almajamie almayyat , watanawal almabhath alththani 'alfazaan attafaq lafzuha mae al'alfaz almueabbirat ean almajamie almayyat , waqad rattabt kula mawdue ealaa huruf alqamusa .

Abstract

This research seeks to identify the lyrical introductions in the poetry of Fetiyan al-Shaghouri (530 AH - 615 AH) and study these texts to find out the impact of the term “good disposal” on these introductions. And he dealt with the concept of this term according to ancient scholars and critics, such as Al-Hatami, Ibn Rashiq, and Ibn Hajjah Al-Hamawi. As for the first topic, it deals with the life of the poet Fetiyan al-Shaghouri and the stages of his life. As for the second topic, it studies some texts from the lyrical introductions in which the poet concluded the poem's main purpose as an analytical study. Then the conclusion and a list of sources and references.

Abstract

The most important thing in the current research (Restriction with Verbal Emphasis in Sahihul Bukhari) is that restriction plays a major role in the significance arising from this topic. Since the Prophet’s hadith is the most authentic book after the Holy Qur’an, we immersed ourselves in the search for these connotations that achieve the purposes of verbal affirmation. Therefore, the research plan was divided into an introduction in which we dealt with the definition of the contents of the title, then we started with the purposes of verbal affirmation, then a conclusion that included the most important results, then a list Sources and references.

Abstract

Nickname does exist in all natoons of the world, it has a big role in life of people and all individuals. This phenomenon has reflcted in the Kurdish nation. In some places this phenomenon is cleasrly felt. It is very common among people. This study is entitled (nickname in Rania territory). Nickname has a big role in the life of people and in language. Humans sometims except for their real names: Our research approach is a descriptive analysis. The tool of the investigation is the middle Kurdish language. We took examples of daily stories and speeches. The last part has taken examples of the daily life of the people of Rania territory and has been analysed. In the first part, is about the definition of the name and its analysis. Analysing the relationship between the name and the named with the definition of nichname, name, nickname and reasons for settin the nickname. The second part is about the types of naming in terms of psychology, public, private and the benefits and the importance of nickname, The effect of naming and nickname with the nicknames of Rania territory. Finally, the results,the list of resources, and the summary of the study were shown in Arabic and English languages.

Abstract

The research is entitled (The order of the affixes in the verb structure). The location and ordering of the derivational and inflectional additions attached to the base of words, whether in the lexicon or in the syntactic representation, is one of the issues and matters in morphological and syntactic studies. This problem has led to the emergence of several assumptions and hypothesis to reveal and know the structure of that order and the extent of the proximity and distance of the derivational and inflectional affixes to the base of the word. In order to arrive at that structure and the reasons for the adhesion of these increments to the base, we presented two questions in the research (1) how is the order of the derivational and inflectional affixes in relation to the verb base in the Kurdish language? Which one is the pre/post of the base? (2) How close and remote are the derivational and inflectional affixes for the verb base in the Kurdish language? Which one is closer/furthest from the base structure? In order to find the answer to these two questions, the research was based on morphological hypotheses such as the split-morphology hypothesis and the complexity-based ordering hypothesis. The order and position of the verbs in the Kurdish language are based on the basic properties of the verb, such as (time, direction, place,..), meaning which of the derivational and morphological affixes include those properties whose rank and position are closer to the verb base, and vice versa.

Abstract

This research, entitled (Psychological Dimension in Jalal Malek Shah's Poems, Example of the Chain of Captive Words), is an attempt to interpret and present the psychological effects in Jalal Malek Shah's poems Literature in general, like any other human activity, is full of psychological experiences. The great psychological influence that can be seen in the poems of Jalal Malek Shah is the result of the difficult life and poor economic, social and political conditions! In this study, I will try to highlight these psychological dimensions.

Abstract

The place is an important part of the elements that make the technique and composition within the narrative text. The section of place in the novel always comes fully and effectively with the other features (time, event and character). With these fundamentals lies the importance of the element of place. This research is divided into two main parts, the first part is theoretical only and includes the concept of dystopia in detail and the history of its appearance in general and in the novel in particular, when did it appear? What are the reasons behind the emergence of dystopian literature? As for the second part of the research, it contains the theoretical and practical part, and it talks in general about the element of place and its types, and then its application in the novel (Anfal in the dinner banquet between God and Satan) As the novel is written in the Kurdish language and is considered one of the dystopian novels that talks about the tragedy of Anfal in detail, and we, in turn, in this part emphasize the concept of the place element Its types and application in the mentioned narration. At the end of the research, we reached a number of results, and then a list of footnotes and sources.