Journal of Language Studies

Abstract

When some grammarians distinguish between the substitution and the coordination of the statement, it was only a way of saying that there is a phenomenon called the coordination of the statement with the substitution and that obligating the substitution that it is a sign of deleting the substituted element from which is debatable though it is common among grammarians, and the poetic evidence that is inferred by the followers is only the ignorance of those who say, not to mention the lack of agreement on its narration, not to mention the fabrication of some of them, as the investigators said. Moreover, it was the muhaddiths themselves who permitted its parsing and what they employed from Qur’anic evidence as evidence; To confirm what most of them agreed on, that what is considered Coordination is expresses as a substitution and the difference between them is that the substitution is agreed upon for its existence, so why is its counterpart inserted while the substitution is present?

Abstract

Al-Manthur wal-Mandhoum: Al-Qasa'id ul-Mufradat ul-Lati la Matheel laha, of Ibnu Taifour (d. 280 AH) which is the thirteenth volume of his book Al-Manthour wal Mandhoum represens an important part of the series of literary anthologies that preceded it such as Al-Mufadhaliyat and Al-Asma'iyat and Al-Akhfash Al-Asghar's book: Al-Ikhtiyarain and all the selections of Hammad Ar-Rawiya known as Al-Mo'allaqat which represented the real beginning of Anthologie. This study is an attempt to explore Ibnu Taifour's standards in selecting his poetic texts, among them is the reception where he pays attention to the public taste of his age's recipients according to the prevalent literary conventions, therefore, selected the best poems which won the interest of the recipients according to his particular criteria as an author, poems which were outstanding and unique in their subjects and themes. His examples belonged to different literary periods: pre-Islamic, Islamic and Abbasid. His book differs from others by choosing poems dealing with new topics untackled before and expressing the concerns of his age.

Abstract

There may be multiple names for the same thing in the Arabic language, and each name gives a specific meaning, and describes a specific case. On the basis of analogy, and we tried in this research to identify the most important semantic foundations adopted by Al-Thaalibi in the arrangement, which indicates its accuracy and high linguistic sense.

Abstract

This research studies the connotation of nullifying the purpose and takes from the satisfying purposes as a means for it. It bears the meaning of (rejecting the purpose), studying it, determining its path and the location of the purpose in it, as well as clarifying the opinions of scholars in that and their preference for it. The research was divided into three sections preceded by an introduction and a brief definition of Ash-Shatby and his purposes, and a definition of (reversing the purpose. The first section includes: a study of issues in reversing the grammatical and morphological ruling. The second one consists of reversing the meaning, whereas the third topic is made up of reversing the original, then the research ends up with the most prominent results obtained from both the theoretical and practical chapters.

Abstract

The most important thing in our tagged research (the grammatical impact in directing the structures of the word "purchase" in the Holy Qur’an) is that the Holy Qur’an is the basis of Arabic science and from it we derive our culture and our duties, and from it we draw inspiration from what is permissible for us and what is forbidden to us, and thus we dived into the search for the structures of the verb (shara) in the Qur’an Al-Karim represented by (They bought it; He buys; They bought; he bought it; he bought), then explaining the role of grammar judging this in the economic and commercial light. And the second topic (combinations of the word “shara” with the verb “buy more”), and the approach followed was descriptive and analytical. The paper ends with a conclusion which sums up the most important results of the study.

Abstract

Adunis dealt with the ancient Arabic poetic text and tried to criticize and analyze it, through several intertwined modern critical approaches and mechanisms, through which he tried to build a special vision towards that poetic heritage in order to renew and modernize it and search for the bright aspects in it, in an effort to revitalize Arab culture and build a semi-Arabic theory that keeps pace with Modern Western Critical Studies and make the heritage contribute to solving the problems posed by the lived reality. From this standpoint, Adonis is one of the critics who opened the door to heritage in order to unmask it, and dust it off, after it was accumulated in Arab libraries without examination, study or analysis. Everything that is stereotypical is a heritage tradition, and everything that is different is modern in line with the elements of poetic modernity.

Abstract

This is a research in which we presented an aspect of the modern vision in dealing with the phenomenon of deletion in Arabic Grammar, taking from the book “The Phenomenon of Deletion in Linguistic History” by Suleiman Hamoda as a field for presentation and analysis as a good example of contemporary grammatical research in a large phenomenon of the phenomena of the Arabic language , which is the deletion , which embodies what a group of a modern scholars see from a various research visions of approaches that linked between the inherited and the contemporary , approaching the descriptive method with , in order to revel the value of the book in the grammatical theorizing of the phenomenon , so the research acquires its importance through the integration of the objective approach for axes of the phenomenon.

Abstract

Arabic is a language sanctified by the holiness of the Noble Qur’an, as it has occupied a large space in human civilizations, and had a prominent impact on the codification of all human sciences. Today, the Arabs have not finished achieving them, due to their huge amount. This paper is concerned with the phenomenon of omission of letters because of the syntactic and semantic secrets of omission in Arabic syntax, and the paper approached this phenomenon according to one of our outstanding linguists, namely Ibn Ya'ish an-Nahwi, who died (643 AH). ) The great commentator, and the unique grammatical mentality, and (Sharh al-Mofassal) is considered one of the greatest explanations and studies in our Arab heritage. The research is divided into a preface, two chapters, and the conclusion which sums up the most prominent results. The preface deals with two topics: deletion of letters and deletion of prepositions. The conclusion gives a summary of the most prominent results of the study.

Abstract

The scholars defined the prohibition as: the structural saying that indicates your request is an act on the side of superiority, and the prohibition has one letter that the scholars stipulated, which is not the prohibition, but this does not mean that the subject adheres to this tool exclusively, for the Arabs used other than them in the prohibition, such as the names of verbs meh, and it, and they also used The explicit verb in the prohibition is taken from the verb forbid and its derivatives, and just as the topics of grammar have connotations and meanings that are known according to the case of the sentence, the prohibition has meanings that are known according to the context of the sentence, including: supplication, petition, guidance, persistence, statement of consequence, despair, wishful thinking, threat, hate, reprimand, Intimacy, humiliation, as well as topics came out of their true meaning to the prohibition . Rather, the meaning of these topics was known through careful understanding of the text and extracting its implicit meanings, from that negation in the sense of prohibition, command in the sense of prohibition, news in the sense of prohibition, interrogation in the sense of prohibition, denial interrogation in the sense of prohibition, exclamation in the sense of prohibition and denial, and it was necessary to rely on the hadiths of our master Muhammad, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, in explaining some of the prohibitions that were received from him, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, whose statement came to explain the pure Islamic legislation, and from that he addressed the individual and wanted everyone, and from him he addressed everyone and wanted everyone, and from him, peace be upon him, explained the sanctity of something, it is forbidden to do it , including the method of warning, including the use of not to deny in the sense of prohibition.

Abstract

The research is concerned with the reality of teaching and learning the Arabic language; Focusing on the morphological component in textbooks for grades (fourth to sixth) in the Qatari public school, based on the assumption that there is no compatibility between standards, and building educational contents related to the two components: the word and sentence in the textbook; The study will seek to verify this hypothesis by adopting a hypothetical investigative approach that provides induction, description, statistics, analysis and conclusion, to understand the educational reality of the morphological component, and to present practical proposals for morphological standards, and their distribution and activation in school books in connection with the standards in their updated version of 2018, and modern linguistic approaches that emphasize the The need to focus on morphological knowledge in the third and fourth grades through the gradation from inflection, derivation, and then weights and formulas, to be a basis for teaching synthetic knowledge in the fifth and sixth grades, provided that the student is implicitly trained in it in the previous grades.

Abstract

The complementary criticism method is one of the recent literary criticism methods which takes a holistic, multifarious approach to texts. Its primary aim is to reveal the most hidden aspects of literary texts. The method, by making use of the internal and external textual analysis approaches, starts with analyzing the external side of the piece of literary work reaching to the content and internal side of the text and it attempts to connect and adapt the two aspects to each other. It has a holistic approach to the texts and deals with them as a unified whole, as long as it is allowed, the method does not neglect any aspect of the text. The study which is entitled “The complementary criticism method from theory to practice: Sherko Bekas’s Open Text ‘A girl is my homeland now’ as an example.” is an academic endeavor to analyze and interpret the poet’s texts in the light of the terms and expressions utilized by complementary method of literary text analysis. This is done through tying the relationships of the external structure of the text to exposition of the inner secrets of it, revealing the bright hidden sides built by the cohesion strategies, via those various complementary perspectives the method believes to use in the criticism process.

Abstract

One of the crucial subjects that has a great influence in kurdish literary works and other nations and has long inspired literary writers is "place". Place is a basic and important concept that has motivated all literary writers, without it they wouldn't have been able to reach their works to properness. Moreover the place in all literary works encompass a big role, of a literary piece entitled the philosophy of place in the collection of ( My loneliness is alike drops of Rain) of Abbas Salih. This research consists of two significant parts. The first section is the theoretical part of the research that deals with introducing place, the philosophy and effect of place to the poet, the position and importance of place in kurdish literary works and the types of place. The second part of the research is the practical of place in Abbas Salih's poems. Furthermore what brings more questions for us as a researcher is researching the concept and philosophy of place. As well as the aim of the research is generally displaying the place in kurdish literary works and specifically in contemporary poems and in poet' s contemporary view of it's poems. So the method of this research is considering the descriptive analysis to explain the poemic texts.

Abstract

This research is entitled (creative poetic language in the era of Rwanga) among the poets Jamal Sharbazheri and Sherko Bekas; the research consists of the introduction and chapters (first and second) with a list of bibliography and conclusion and the most important results obtained. The first chapter: The first chapter talks about poetry and the language of poetry, and the most important characteristics and scale of poetic production. The second chapter: This chapter is devoted to the practical aspect of research and analysis of the patterns of poetic texts and the advice of displacement in them at the (morphological, grammatical, and semantic) levels according to the poets ’poetry. In conclusion, I presented the results gained by the modern study, with a list of sources on which it was depended on.

Abstract

The notion of Ideology was used at the end of 18th century and the beginning of 19th century , it was just for the sake of searching the Right thoughts and comparing them to the wrong ones ,then they all together were called( Ideology) ,things like ((Socialism ,Communism ,Fascism ,Nationalism),each of such ideologies came in different epochs of time and became popular beliefs ,literature and literal productions, poetry for example, were put at the service of such beliefs ,to commit to one of such ideologies effects the aesthetics and the beauty of the literature of course ,as per the Type of the ideology and its superiority, this superiority could be seen in the Text , effects the value of poetry, in this research we speak about effect and superiority of Ideology ,we take the Poems of(Latif Helmet, Abdullah Peshew and Rafiq Saber) as a model .The title of the research is The aesthetics of Ideological poetry (Latif Helmet, Abdullah Peshew and Rafiq Saber) as a model, the methodology of the research is complimentary ,it is a new critical method ,tries to collect and put together all the critical methods (internal and external ) ones, the research apart from introduction and result ,consists of two axels ,in the First one there is description of Ideology &its Notion ,in the second one there is the aesthetics values of Poem like ( poetic Lyrics, Poetic Images ,symbols and borrowing ) and their reflections on the ideological poems of (Latif Helmet, Abdullah Peshew and Rafiq Saber).

Abstract

Iraqi and Middle-Eastern Archaeological antiquities had been, and still are subjects to burgling by the excavators and looters. In 1850, the British Pre-Raphaelite poet-painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1822-1888), made a visit to the British Museum which coincided with the hoisting into the museum of a winged bull from Nineveh and he selected the Nineveh statue as the focus of his musings. This event induced a train of thoughts in the poet and inspired his poem "The Burden of Nineveh" in which he contemplates on the Bull's identity, time and civilizations. The poet goes into the future of London to imagine the sculpture and its new role as a relic in the London Museum. He predicts that in the future, archaeological excavators; travellers from Australia, digging up the massive Assyrian bull-god sculpture from the ruins of London and the British Museum will assume it to be a relic of London rather than of Nineveh and an object of worship by native Britons, representing London's culture and religion. This paper, therefore, is an attempt to shed light on the significance of this poem as an eye-witness on the acts of stealing the Iraqi and the Near Eastern antiquities and conveying them to the British Museum and other museums. It, also, attempts to explore Rossetti's critique of imperial cultures and his concept of time and inconstancy as well as his prediction of an aura of decline and ruin of Western civilization.

Abstract Language is used by humans to carry out a wide range of social activities that reflect the social standards that have been established during various periods of time. Swearing is a linguistic device that serves both personal and interpersonal functions in almost all languages. As a result, linguists and anyone interested in language should pay attention to this linguistic phenomenon, which is also accompanied by a certain amount of taboo. The current study focuses on English and Iraqi Arabic societies because they are wealthy in the use of swear words. Its aims is to define, classify, state functions, and identify the history of swear words in language and culture. Also, it highlights and analyzes the most important swear words in English and Iraqi Arabic, and concludes the most essential findings. To fulfil the above aims, it is hypothesized that swear words come in a variety of forms, some of which are more widely used than others, culture influences the use of swear words, and the connotative meaning is determined by the context in which swear words are used

Abstract Learning style is an effective and a natural process in which learners begin with what they already know or feel or read. Real learning cannot take place randomly. It is based on effective steps to learn something new. This will lead to use the new content and participate in how it might work in real life. Learners are also required to creatively take what they have learned beyond the classroom. This final step moves students out of the class into their real performance. According to the learning process, each student will have a place in the learning cycle where he or she is most comfortable and can contribute the most excellent work. Even though different students prefer different places in the cycle, it is important for all students to go through each of the steps in the cycle. Learning styles approach works best within a system that focuses on self-control, intrinsic rewards and self-expression. Working with learning styles, you may find that you naturally move toward a student-centered discipline approach that encourages student self-responsibility. Students usually differ in their ways of learning. Each student can understand the subject in the way he can and interpret. There are so many external factors that affect leaning. Some of them are environmental and social. Others are psychological related to age, motivation, individual differences etc.The present study aims at investigating the correlation between learning styles of EFL college students and their academic performance.The sample consists of thirty student Keywords: - learning styles -academic -performance - EFL Article Info Article history: Received: 30-1-2022 Accepted: 25-2-2022 Available online Abstract Learning style is an effective and a natural process in which learners begin with what they already know or feel or read. Real learning cannot take place randomly. It is based on effective steps to learn something new. This will lead to use the new content and participate in how it might work in real life. Learners are also required to creatively take what they have learned beyond the classroom. This final step moves students out of the class into their real performance. According to the learning process, each student will have a place in the learning cycle where he or she is most comfortable and can contribute the most excellent work. Even though different students prefer different places in the cycle, it is important for all students to go through each of the steps in the cycle. Learning styles approach works best within a system that focuses on self-control, intrinsic rewards and self-expression. Working with learning styles, you may find that you naturally move toward a student-centered discipline approach that encourages student self-responsibility. Students usually differ in their ways of learning. Each student can understand the subject in the way he can and interpret. There are so many external factors that affect leaning. Some of them are environmental and social. Others are psychological related to age, motivation, individual differences etc.The present study aims at investigating the correlation between learning styles of EFL college students and their academic performance.The sample consists of thirty student-teachers from Department of English / College of Education for Humanities/ University of Tikrit. The instrument of the study is a learning style questionnaire that is adapted from O Brien (1985). Results show that there is a positive relationship between students' styles and their academic performance. Based on the results gained, specific recommendations are put forward.

Abstract The paper is to explore the application of Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principles in analyzing political speeches in order to know how these principles are observed and how politicians in their speeches do not observe the conversational maxims. The study is a qualitative research, that is, the excerpts are taken out in order for the researcher to analyze them. Based on analyzing the excerpts, the study aims at finding the non-observance of the Conversational Maxims and to know their occurrences applied throughout the dialogues. The findings of the present study show that, making their speeches, politicians often rely on distinct non-observance categories of Conversational Maxims, including (flouting maxims, violating maxims, suspending maxims). Besides, the study found that different situations lead politicians to fail in observing conversational maxims.

Abstract Deconstruction is a postmodern theory that was propounded by, Jacques Derrida, a French philosopher to fathom the connection between text and its meaning. It is a form of literary and philosophical analysis derived from his work which began in the 1960s. In this work, he questions Western philosophy through a close examination of the language of literary and philosophical texts and their logic. Although it was applied by many critics in the 1970s, he is considered the pioneer of this approach. This paper analyzes J.M.Coetzee's Waiting for the Barbarians as a postmodern, deconstructionist text or novel. By choosing this text, the paper attempts to prove that Coetzee is a postmodern novelist who followed Derrida's thoughts in deconstructing his text. It tries to answer the questions: firstly; how Coetzee depends on some sources written before not by rewriting them from the beginning till the end as other writers do, but by adapting a single event, a title, or a verb? By demonstrating and answering this question, the paper will prove that deconstruction does not only occur by rebuilding a previous text but also occurring within the text itself. Secondly; how he employs the techniques of deconstruction to prove an essential notion of deconstruction that each text fills with ambiguous ideas. Thirdly; how those ideas are interpreted according to the readers' points of view? The paper has five parts. It begins with an introduction. The second part discusses the Methodology. The third gives background of the novel and the novelist. The fourth analyzes and examines the novel as a deconstruction text and conclusion sums up the findings.

Abstract

Despite writing only twelve plays, Lillian Hellman is a principal voice in the American theatre. She is a famous American playwright who has outlined her position in the male dominated society. In her plays, Hellman employs a profound and rational view that binds husband and wife, brother and sister, mother and child, teacher and pupil. Having a sharp insight, enables her to create strong female characters during a time when the American theatre tended to concentrate only on males. Hellman has formulated her dramas cautiously, tackling social matters that reflect her aptitude to present characters who are able to improve themselves through the development of the action. Probing the actual motivations of the counterintuitive conspiracy plotted by school pupil against her teacher, is the aim of this study.

Abstract This paper is mainly concerned with mystical experience in Emily Dickinson's later poems (composed between 1864 and 1886) to show the poet's spiritual growth and her attitude to the love of the Divine. It aims at analyzing and interpreting the poetry of Emily Dickinson from a mystical point of view. Most of Dickinson's poems trace themes like death, love and spiritual ecstasy. It proposes that Mysticism is some kind of spiritual practice of the soul that got weary of the material world; it is a religion of love of the Divine

Abstract George Bernard Shaw is one of the greatest prolific author of the modern age who is able to produce brand-new drama in shape along with content. He does not hesitate rank to operate far from Aristotle’s rule promoting characters to occupy the highest rank of importance rather than plot for the reason that they are characters who donate life to the sequence of the events of which any play is composed. Shaw’s great cleverness is represented by his brilliant ability to create characters that have the power to discuss notions from different points of views. This study will deal with Shaw’s play Pygmalion, in 1913. It is a romantic and satirical comedy of social criticism. The objective of this study is not to carry out a pragmatic study of Shaw’s selected play depending on Herbert Paul Grice’s theory of implicature which represents an endeavor to grant this term a more linguistic standing. The paper aims at proving that Shaw uses implication as a device to narrate his ideas in long conversations. This paper uses Formalist method as a tool to analyze the selected play. This paper ends with a conclusion that out the results of the discussion

Abstract

Caryl Churchill 's work marks by a deep contribution to both feminism and socialism, as well as a desire to do different experience. She credits with reshaping modern theatre and introducing new subjects matter ideas. Her systematically experimental plays integrate an examination of gender with the social disparity in British society. Churchill performs a major role in the development of modern feminist stage by putting women at the forefront of theatrical activity and discussing a wide variety of socio-feminist concerns . This study aims to question the prevailing social philosophy at the time and displays a strong women that defy patriarchal society and disrupt gender conventions to gain power. Churchill intends to portray women's condition under Thatcher's regime . As in a patriarchal society, women must be obedient, reliant, subservient according to traditional norms and social standards, and they should stay under patriarchal domination by staying at home to raise children without the freedom to study, work, or even to be successful and independent person. Therefore , Churchill wants to examine the success of Margaret Thatcher in the patriarchal society and the consequences of her regime on women circumstances . This study hypothesizes that Churchill has affected by Thatcherism in her era and this influences her style of writings. This paper starts with an introduction of Thatcher's regime and Serious money play , then follows the methodology of the study and the discussion comes afterwards and it ends with a conclusion that points out the results of discussion .

Abstract Project-Based Learning (PBL) is an innovative approach to learning that teaches a multitude of strategies critical for success in the twenty-first century. Students drive their own learning through inquiry, as well as work collaboratively to research and create projects that reflect their knowledge. From gleaning new, viable technology skills, to becoming proficient communicators and advanced problem solvers, students benefit from this approach to instruction. The current study aims at: 1. Finding out the Effect of Using project based learning on EFL intermediate school student’s achievement in vocabulary. 2. Finding out whether there are any statistical significant differences between the achievement of the experimental group and that of the control group in the post test. 3. Find out whether there is any statistical significant difference between students' achievement at the recognition level on one hand, and their achievement at the production level, on the other hand in English vocabulary. To carry out the study, the hypotheses are posed as the following: 1. There is no any statistical significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group's achievement and that of the control group in the post-test. 2. There is no any statistical significant difference between the mean scores of students' achievement at the recognition level and that at the production level in English idioms. To achieve the aims and verify the hypotheses above, Non Randomized experimental group pretest and posttest design has been chosen .The pupils have been taught during the academic year 2020-2021. A sample consists of (50) pupils in fourth preparatory at Al shorouk school distributed into two groups. Group (A) represents experimental group that includes (25) pupils are taught according to project Based learning strategy. Group (B) represents control group which also include (25) pupils who are taught according to the traditional method. Both groups have been equalized in such variables from Educational level of parent, English grades achievement in previous schooling year, and the pretest of both groups. A unified posttest which contains six questions are constructed to collect data. Face and content validity have been attained. Reliability coefficient has been verified by using the split- half and the Alpha – Cronbach methods. The items have been analyzed statistically, the discrimination power and difficulty level for each items have been calculated. Thus, the whole sample has been exposed to posttest. The data collecting from results of the posttest have been analyzed statistically by using T- test of two independent and paired samples formula. The results explain that there is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught according to project Based learning strategy and the control group who is taught by using the traditional method, also there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group in pre –posttests achievement. Based on the results and obtained conclusions in this work, suitable recommendations and suggestions for further studies are put forward.

Abstract The present study entitled, ‘’ Investigating the Barriers to EFL Teachers’ Professional Development in Erbil High Schools”, aims at investigating the barriers to English Language teachers’ professional development in the city Centre of Erbil. To achieve the aims of the study, a questionnaire has been constructed to investigate the barriers to professional development. The tool of the study was exposed to some experts as jury members in the fields of English language, linguistics, and applied linguistics to achieve its validity.The sample of the study is 100 English Language teachers in public high schools. The data was analyzed after being statistically computed by employing SPSS programme to show Percentage, the Mean, and the Standard Deviation of the items of the questionnaire. The findings of this study reveal that there are some outstanding barriers that prevent English Language teachers from participating in professional development activities or training courses. The barriers are: (poor internet infrastructure and teachers’ illiteracy with modern technological tools, the ineffectiveness of teachers’ performance appraisal system, a bad design of professional development programmes, Training venues, financial constraints, teachers’ demotivation, the lack of qualified and professional English language trainers, English language teachers’ excessive workload, administrative routines, personal problems (family problems) and poor economic conditions, teachers’ beliefs and attitudes towards the professionalism of their performance, the effects of colleagues. The study also shows that the variables such as gender, age, marital status, qualification, years of teaching, and teaching hours per week have an impact on teachers’ participation in career-development activities. The contribution of this study can help other researchers in conducting further studies to investigate the barriers that influence teachers’ participation in profession-related activities or training courses among public high school English language teachers. It also helps the education decision makers to plan effective professional development programmes

Abstract Satire is a figurative device that is employed in different fields and different types of texts, especially politics. It is used for purposes of entertainment and hiding real meanings. However, most studies done on satire are related text analysis. Accordingly, this study aims at determining how satire is reflected in political cartoons. The data of this study is represented by American political cartoons on Donald Trump, to be analyzed critically in relation to reality. The study found that satire in cartoons on Trump reflect his egoism, ignorance and carelessness as clarified in the expressions used in American cartoons.

Abstract

L’emploi des pronoms est un d’importants aspects narratif qui jouent un grand rôle dans l’écriture romanesque de sorte qu’il détermine les niveaux narratifs et la position du narrateur. En effet, la troisième personne est le plus simple des modes narratifs principaux du roman, et le plus familier et courant à la narration orale ainsi qu’à la narration écrite. Les romanciers emploient la troisième personne dans leurs œuvres pour éviter la subjectivité et pour être plus neutre ou plutôt lointains de ce qui se déroule dans le roman. Certainement, la présentation du point de vue par la troisième personne se diffère de celle par la première personne c’est le romancier ou le narrateur extradiégétique qui présente les personnages même le personnage principal, et raconte les événements sans avoir subi l’influence des personnages et leurs points de vue, c’est –à- dire il raconte objectivement l’action du roman. Dumas a toujours donné une importance au point de vue à partir duquel on envisage une réalité donnée. L’auteur et le narrateur pouvaient, grâce à la troisième personne, sans restriction, introduire tout ce qu’ils voulaient des idées, des idéologies, des événements et des points de vue différents, c’est-dire ils sentaient qu’il n’y avait pas de frontières qui limitaient leur liberté de se déplacer et substituer dans le style et la manière de présenter les événements en employant le style narratif et le style dramatique, pour dramatiser, grâce à la troisième personne, les événements et les idées par la manière qu’il voyait adéquate.

Abstract Dans la présente investigation, on essayera de mettre la lumière sur la question de l’apparition de la focalisation adoptée dans ce roman de Marcel Proust. Le décompose de cette problématique semble très important pour des raisons essentiels, il nous ramène à une étude détaillée de l’œuvre principale "A la recherche du temps perdu", parce que cette œuvre surpasse librement le règlement des techniques narratives. En effet, le style proustien se caractérise par la singularité et la différence, il attire le lecture vers un atmosphère transparent, profond et philosophique. Un amour de Swann assume ce profondément par son adoption d’un valeur particulier dans toute l’œuvre monumentale. Les techniques narratologiques sont des appuis sur lesquels le sens du texte est formé. Cela résulte de son thème essentiel "l’amour". La présente étude tente de répondre à la problématique d’avoir une profonde connaissance concernant la focalisation magistral dans Un amour de Swann.

Abstract Iraqi and Middle-Eastern Archaeological antiquities had been, and still are subjects to burgling by the excavators and looters. In 1850, the British Pre-Raphaelite poet-painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1822-1888), made a visit to the British Museum which coincided with the hoisting into the museum of a winged bull from Nineveh and he selected the Nineveh statue as the focus of his musings. This event induced a train of thoughts in the poet and inspired his poem "The Burden of Nineveh" in which he contemplates on the Bull's identity, time and civilizations. The poet goes into the future of London to imagine the sculpture and its new role as a relic in the London Museum. He predicts that in the future, archaeological excavators; travellers from Australia, digging up the massive Assyrian bull-god sculpture from the ruins of London and the British Museum will assume it to be a relic of London rather than of Nineveh and an object of worship by native Britons, representing London's culture and religion. This paper, therefore, is an attempt to shed light on the significance of this poem as an eye-witness on the acts of stealing the Iraqi and the Near Eastern antiquities and conveying them to the British Museum and other museums. It, also, attempts to explore Rossetti's critique of imperial cultures and his concept of time and inconstancy as well as his prediction of an aura of decline and ruin of Western civilization.

Abstract Despite writing only twelve plays, Lillian Hellman is a principal voice in the American theatre. She is a famous American playwright who has outlined her position in the male dominated society. In her plays, Hellman employs a profound and rational view that binds husband and wife, brother and sister, mother and child, teacher and pupil. Having a sharp insight, enables her to create strong female characters during a time when the American theatre tended to concentrate only on males. Hellman has formulated her dramas cautiously, tackling social matters that reflect her aptitude to present characters who are able to improve themselves through the development of the action. Probing the actual motivations of the counterintuitive conspiracy plotted by school pupil against her teacher, is the aim of this study.

Abstract Caryl Churchill 's work marks by a deep contribution to both feminism and socialism, as well as a desire to do different experience. She credits with reshaping modern theatre and introducing new subjects matter ideas. Her systematically experimental plays integrate an examination of gender with the social disparity in British society. Churchill performs a major role in the development of modern feminist stage by putting women at the forefront of theatrical activity and discussing a wide variety of socio-feminist concerns . This study aims to question the prevailing social philosophy at the time and displays a strong women that defy patriarchal society and disrupt gender conventions to gain power. Churchill intends to portray women's condition under Thatcher's regime . As in a patriarchal society, women must be obedient, reliant, subservient according to traditional norms and social standards, and they should stay under patriarchal domination by staying at home to raise children without the freedom to study, work, or even to be successful and independent person. Therefore , Churchill wants to examine the success of Margaret Thatcher in the patriarchal society and the consequences of her regime on women circumstances . This study hypothesizes that Churchill has affected by Thatcherism in her era and this influences her style of writings. This paper starts with an introduction of Thatcher's regime and Serious money play , then follows the methodology of the study and the discussion comes afterwards and it ends with a conclusion that points out the results of discussion .

Abstract L’emploi des pronoms est un d’importants aspects narratif qui jouent un grand rôle dans l’écriture romanesque de sorte qu’il détermine les niveaux narratifs et la position du narrateur. En effet, la troisième personne est le plus simple des modes narratifs principaux du roman, et le plus familier et courant à la narration orale ainsi qu’à la narration écrite. Les romanciers emploient la troisième personne dans leurs œuvres pour éviter la subjectivité et pour être plus neutre ou plutôt lointains de ce qui se déroule dans le roman. Certainement, la présentation du point de vue par la troisième personne se diffère de celle par la première personne c’est le romancier ou le narrateur extradiégétique qui présente les personnages même le personnage principal, et raconte les événements sans avoir subi l’influence des personnages et leurs points de vue, c’est –à- dire il raconte objectivement l’action du roman. Dumas a toujours donné une importance au point de vue à partir duquel on envisage une réalité donnée. L’auteur et le narrateur pouvaient, grâce à la troisième personne, sans restriction, introduire tout ce qu’ils voulaient des idées, des idéologies, des événements et des points de vue différents, c’est-dire ils sentaient qu’il n’y avait pas de frontières qui limitaient leur liberté de se déplacer et substituer dans le style et la manière de présenter les événements en employant le style narratif et le style dramatique, pour dramatiser, grâce à la troisième personne, les événements et les idées par la manière qu’il voyait adéquate.