Journal of Language Studies

Abstract The study is a psycholinguistics study which aims at explaining the process of comprehension and its connection with Alzheimer. It also investigates the impairment in comprehension which is caused by Alzheimer. To elaborate more, the part of the brain which is responsible for comprehending the spoken language is exposed by a figure. The research postulates as well how this process differs in those suffering from Alzheimer with the normal people in the process of comprehension. The work concludes that those suffering from damaged brain in the part responsible for comprehension (Wernicke’s area) face problems in the comprehension skill and they cannot communicate in an appropriate way which causes the sufferers finally to be disconnected to society and daily communications.

Abstract Speech act of threatening has been a very crucial utterance in the process of communication whether casual or institutional. It can fall within two taxonomies of speech acts: commissive and directive; the former being speaker oriented, while the latter being hearer oriented. The current study aims at investigating this act in Kurdish language with reference to English. Diverse contexts have been provided , using Discourse Completion Task as a means for data collection and an eclectic model has been adopted for data analysis. As the main concluding remarks, threatening speech act is not used performatively especially in Kurdish, but the structure of the sentence and vocabulary involved are very salient expressions of the force of the threat. Additionally, the forms and the functions proposed by the scholars found in the English language have the same impact on the Kurdish language. The main elements that affect the directness of the act in question are, solely but not exclusively, the interlocutors as they are determined by social and/or institutional factors.

Abstract This study confronts the dichotomies of exploring psychoanalytical theory in the novel Bird Box. It is conducted by using qualitative methods of research. The theoretical framework of psychoanalysis put forward by Sigmund Freud provides a concrete base for this study. The research work scrutinizes data through the theoretical lens of psychoanalysis and false societal perceptions. It examines the malignant after-effect of anxiety by observing that this anxiety is orchestrating the origination of some anxiety disorders among the people. The aim of the study is to analyze the origination, sources, and aftermath of malady and trepidation on the main protagonist Malorie and the inhabitants of River bridge. Additionally, the study explores and sensitively tackles the multiple facts of psychoanalysis along a metaphorical path that submerged into the depths of ignorance as forced behavior. Finally, it digs out that regression, repression, and rationalization are some of these defense mechanisms that govern the unconscious of these people which finds an expression through their conscious actions. The study ends up with a concise conclusion, followed by the list of references

Abstract Motivation is one of the most important factors that influence students learning and has a great effect on their success and achievement. For this reason, in this paper, the researcher is going to investigate the motivational teaching strategies used by EFL Iraqi school teachers. To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher adapted a questionnaire with some changes and modification’s. This questionnaire with five point scale (always, often, sometimes, rarely and never). To achieve face validity, the questionnaire items are given to a jury of experts. Alpha Cronbach formula is used to achieve the questionnaire reliability. After that, the questionnaire was applied on a sample of 38 teachers during the academic year 2019-2020. Then, the questionnaire items were analyzed using weighted mean score and percentages. At the end, recommendations, suggestions for further studies are presented.

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the role of motivated EFL teachers on developing students' speaking skill and boosting their confidence to speak in English at two colleges of Salahaddin University (Viz. College of Basic Education and College of Languages). To do so, a quantitative approach is adopted in the study. To find out the effect of teacher motivation on improving students' speaking skill, a survey questionnaire is distributed to 87 students. The results show that motivated teachers improve students' speaking skill since they give feedback on correct pronunciation of words, correct use of grammatical tenses and the use of appropriate vocabularies. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that motivated teachers boost students' confidence to speak in English in class since they use praising words to encourage students to speak in English, build a good rapport with them, use innovative methods of teaching, and make sure nobody laughs when students make mistakes. The findings will improve all the EFL teachers who would like to know how important teacher motivation is in improving students' speaking skill and building their confidence.

Abstract

This research will be examined De Saussure`s syntagmatic-paradigmatic relations On Charles Dickens` Hard Times. Dickens in this novel uses a character and episodes that stand in paradigmatic relation to him and his surrounded society. A character turns to be a carrier of his views and philosophyand conveys many autobiographical events from his actual life. Besides, he depicts personal attitudes to be presented as events in the novel. Thus, the novel shows a literary substitution of a character as well as events with Dickens` real life. This seems a fertile arena to study a paradigmatic relation. At the same time, linear relation can be applied between characters and actions to have a horizontal reflection besides the vertical one.

Abstract

In recent times, exile and deportation have shaped the insights and works of many authors, because the current era is the era of political crises and immigration in which people migrate voluntarily or forcibly. Exile is often framed by the idea of disconnect. Thus, one of the key ideas that the study tries to prove is exile conceived as a connection rather than a separation. The experiences of voluntary exile and deportation, for political reasons, influence the human psyche and change the way humans perceive life. Therefore, the study sheds light on the psychological effects of these confusing experiences, and the way they were developed to be adapted in fiction. By analyzing the contemporary Irish novel Sebastian Barry's On Canaan Side (2011), the analysis provides insight into the psychological effects of voluntary exile and deportation from a psychopolitical point of view. This novel demonstrates how political events have an impact on people's lives even when they are not directly involved in any political conflicts but are nonetheless negatively affected by them. Thus, the study concludes that voluntary exile and deportation are primarily political phenomena, and innocent people become the first victims of these phenomena.

Abstract

Lynn Nottage’s Sweat is one of the most famous plays that is regarded as Nottage’s prophecy about the Donald Trump era. Nottage derives her play material from studying Reading, Pennsylvania's industrial, social and cultural background. Her interviews with the local citizens inspire her to create an exciting story of a group of childhood friends who harm their relationships because of financial problems. A rough tone of racism arises, fights occur, and then, a regretful tone hopes to repair all the broken relationships. The study follows the thematic analysis as an approach of discussion to answer the raised questions. It starts with an introduction, questions, and debate and ends with a conclusion summarising the findings.

Abstract

Ambiguity tolerance (AT), is defined as "the degree to which you are cognitively willing to tolerate ideas and propositions that run counter to your belief system or structure of knowledge.” Ambiguity tolerance is one of the most important learning styles that focus on the learners’ learning more than the methodology. The study aims to investigate the EFL students’ perception of ambiguity tolerance. The study is a quantitative descriptive one. The sample of 53 students was selected randomly from the fourth stage at the department of English Language, College of Education for Women/ University of Baghdad. They responded to the Second Language Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale (SLTAS) modified by Erten and Topkaya (2009). The study tool's validity is ascertained by giving the scale to the number of experts to decide its suitability to measure the study aims, while the reliability has been ascertained by using the alpha-Cronbach formula. After finding out the waiting means and percentages of the scale items, the results showed that the degree of tolerance of ambiguity is moderated for all the scale items. This result indicates that the EFL students’ willing to tolerate moderately the ambiguity of the foreign language structure and knowledge that run counter to their native language structure and knowledge. Accordingly, several recommendations and suggestions are set forward.

Abstract

This study is an extracted paper from a PhD dissertation that relates to curriculum which is considered as one of the major components of a successful program specifically in the field of English language teaching. Concerning teaching the most important information for learners in their arena. Curriculum as a whole procedure consists of development stage of programs and how it should be designed. It works as a prepared plan based on standards that guides the class instructions and how it should be assessed. Furthermore, Curriculum development is a systematic process that tries to organize and answer the questions of what, who and how something will be taught for learners and curriculum organization relates to arrangements and patterns of the components of curriculum which are organized into topics, lessons, units, subjects and courses for the purpose of helping learners to understand the materials more and achieve the academic goals. This quantitative research design paper provides the most necessary and significant information about the models and principles of curriculum and curriculum development in the scope of ELT in KRG. The universities of Sulaimani, Salahaddin, and Duhok is taken into consideration as samples of the study. For this purpose, the data has been collected from 33 university teachers at universities of Sulaimani, Salahaddin, and Duhok. The questionnaire has reliability of 0.83 Cronbach Alpha. Findings of the study based on the teachers’ point of view show that the students are aimed at to become teachers and they are aware about the goals and objectives of courses and they do use English most of the time. They also declare that the student-centered approach is used and there are not enough resources to implement the program as it is required to. The teachers’ also reveal that the courses arranged from simple to complex but they are not aware enough which approach is followed to have the current program.

Abstract

It is quite essential, for whose who are highly interested in translation and stylistic studies, to lay great focus on the main issues which are closely related to both translation and stylistic anomalies. It is to be noted that stylistic anomalies can create aesthetic values to any text which implies them. It is also far better to take the phenomenon of anomaly into consideration because it is not touched upon before. As a matter of fact, the phenomenon of anomalies poses a great challenge to the translators of the Arabic texts since they neither can be true nor false. Thus, enough attention should be paid to the slippery areas of anomalies in some Arabic texts from stylistic and translational perspective.

Abstract

Multiplicity of meaning is one of the most fundamental issues observed in the Quranic language. This phenomenon does not exist without ambiguity, which can be perceived by translators as a problem to be solved or a natural issue to be ignored. This study is an attempt to show how these multiple meanings are conveyed into English by four reputable translators, Hilali & khan, Pickthall, Sarwar, and Ali through an in- depth analysis of different ayahs containing the Quranic term “Al-Haq.” The main objective is to answer the following question: Should the translator use the same English word for the Arabic word Al-Haq which has different meanings? Driven by "faithfulness" and ethical motives, the translators maintain the original ambiguity out of respect to the text despite the possible loss of clarity. As a result, a literal translation is adopted and the ambiguity is retained or sometimes signaled by explanatory footnotes or paraphrasing. Despite the fact that linguists look at the situational and linguistic contexts as integrative and interrelated, the study shows that the situational context should take priority over the linguistic one in realizing the intended meaning.

Abstract Atfa’el) is a formula of the morphological formula used by the Holy Qur’an in words that were analyzed phonetically, and if this formula did not exist in the speech of the Arabs, the infidels of the Quraysh tribe who were known for eloquence would condemn it, especially since they searched in vain for a defect in the Holy Qur’an, and this formula was affected phonetically according to the law of phonetic similarity with letters close to it in terms of output and attributes, and this formula reappeared in the modern Egyptian vernacular, and it is linked to the same morphological formula (Atafa’el) in Eloquent Arabic.

Abstract

The study is based on human thinking, which starts with human instinct, and expresses his different needs. The material of study is a language when the core of the language is the term (philosophy of language). It seeks about the reasons behind the formation of the languages, their relationships and their stages of development, from the eloquent origin to the everyday. The mother language converges with phonetic, morphological commonalities, and synthetic. These comparisons and linguistic approaches are based on the descriptive inductive method. They are restricted to the subject of regulations and laws that are regulated by it. The comparisons were made between the origins of the (Indian - European) and (Semitic - Hamitic) factions. The study is based on points in which linguistic axes converge, such as the diversity of words and their convergence, the significance of words, and the possibility of their response to dual origins that mimic the sounds of nature. Some of them vary from two origins, as well as the interpretation of the mental image that carries the sensory and metaphorical image and its impact on meaning. The study shows the extent of the connection of roots between languages and their convergence, as well as the effect of the environment on language when the modern philosophical and linguistic studies show the value of language and its connection with each other to end the study with great secrets about the reason behind the growth and permanence of the great language.

Abstract Interpretation is a great science, and scholars have competed to obtain it, and it is a science that has historical roots that go back to the era of the Prophethood. The Companions used to ask the Messenger (PBUH) about the interpretation of verses that were confusing to them, and the Messenger (PBUH) would answer them with what God had opened up to him. Hence a science arose that was later called the science of interpretation, and after that the Companions excelled in developing works that serve the Qur’anic text, and his interpretation. And Al-Korani, like other scholars, delved into this science and took in its aspects, so he had a distinctive approach in interpretation that stops all scholars and researchers to take into consideration, that he does not give in to opinions from the first sight, but rather presents them to the reasonable and the transmitted until he comes out with an opinion, so we wanted to show the characteristics of this approach from the linguistic point of view as much this is what our study is about.

Abstract This article aims to study the pronunciation problems related to the phonetic aspect that non-Arabic-speaking students of Hausa suffer from, and the study adopted the descriptive analytical approach and the contrastive approach. The significance of this study comes from the fact that it seeks to study the most important branch among the linguistic branches, which is the phonetics. It also acquires its importance in that it is based on analyzing the difficulties experienced by Hausa students when pronouncing some Arabic sounds, and shows the reason for these difficulties, while drawing methods to overcome them and putting steps to solve these problems. The study concluded that pronouncing some Arabic sounds is one of the biggest linguistic problems that most Hausa students suffer from, due to the difference of their mother tongue (Hausa) from the Arabic language in sound pattern, points of articulation, manners and the pronunciation habits of the Arabic native speakers. The finding also revealed that the majority of these students face Great difficulty in pronouncing Arabic sounds that do not exist in Hausa Language, such as: (Өث , ḥح , ḫخ , ’ع , ṣص , ḍض , ḏذ , d⸮ظ ) and we also found that, the pronunciation of the dark sounds correctly, is one of the big problem to them.

Abstract Time is considered as one of the basic pillars in literary construction, and its study occupied a large space in literary studies. The poet considers time a moving element within the spatial horizon, and this movement involves changes and movement. The poet discusses and complains about eternity and what it affects it, or specifies it through their childhood and adulthood, and therefore deals with time as a living being, and this is the realization, which means highlighting inanimate objects through an image in which they appear alive. In this research, we discuss the realization of time and eternity in Elia Abu Mazee\'s poetry.

Abstract The research aims to study selected texts from family hadiths in the narrations of the Mothers of the Believers (may God be pleased with them), and related to the husband and wife, a rhetorical analysis based on the rules of rhetoric in revealing the rhetorical characteristics of these narrations, and revealing the accuracy in choosing vocabulary and formulas in building hadith systems, as well as Shedding light on the role of the various graphic and creative arts in the richness of texts and directing the meaning towards the purpose for which it was given, and touching the distinctive characteristics of each, and the role of the different displacements represented by the introduction, delay, remembrance, omission, separation, connection and others in demonstrating what is meant by the most eloquent phrases and the most beautiful compositions.

Abstract This is a study entitled (The Effect of Referral in Al-Zamakhshari's Poems of Praise - A Study of Textual Coherence), which aims to study the coherence and cohesion in the poetic text of Al-Zamakhshari, and its function in achieving textual coherence through the referral method, which is a prominent means of grammatical consistency in text analysis The sign is a linguistic concept that combines all the linguistic elements that refer directly to the denominator in terms of the presence of the speaking self, time, or place. It is one of the linguistic units that move the rules of preceding and post usage, and thus contribute to the consistency of the text. Based on this concept, this research deals with the concept of the sign noun, and its relationship to grammatical consistency, then deals with the textual consistency in the praise poems of Zamakhshari to clarify the intent and significance of the nouns of the sign in different contexts. Reliance on the analytical statistical method for the study and the statement of the impact left by the indicative referral in achieving the abbreviation and avoiding the repetition of the assignee.

Abstract

There is no doubt that the Hebrew language, which is an important part of the Semitic languages to which our Arabic language belongs, has become one of the important languages in the Arab region, and it is time for Arabs to learn it and understand what is going on around them and from within them in terms of plans that reflect on the future of the region as a whole. Therefore, it was our duty as specialists in the study of Semitic languages and the Hebrew language in particular to write research on the origins and divisions of this language. From this point of view, this research was prepared to complement the great scientific research and studies in the field of Semitic studies, especially the Hebrew side of it, the research has been addressed to several topics, the most important of which was the definition of the term "Hebrew" in Arabic and Hebrew, and knowing the origin of this term with mentioning the most important opinions that touched on the hadith about its origin and interpretation, and also the origin of the word labels (Jews - Israelites - Hebrews), and then it was proven whether the words "Hebrew" and "Arabic" are one word? Or is there a difference between them, hence the historical and religious connotations of the term "Hebrew" are mentioned in Jewish sources, and then in Jewish sources and finally in Islamic sources, where these connotations are the main axes around which this research revolves. In the end, there was the conclusion in which we mentioned the most important results we reached through the preparation of this research.

Abstract The main aim of this study is to shed light on the writing style of command mood including command and non-command used in the poetry of Ibn-Faridh in (Ta’ya). It also discusses many grammatical features in his poetry. The researcher uses a descriptive analytical method to explain the rhetorics, analyze the quantity of the number of vocabularies and articles of subjunctive mood including both types command and non-command, and analyzes the linguistic texts used in his poetry. This study can answer these questions, who is Ibn-farith? What is the effect of command mood in the poetry of Ibn-Farith? What are the main features of Sufism during the Abbasian Era?

Abstract This research is concerned with the study the subject of assimilation for the sake of meaning within data that differs from rules analogy. A set of laws executes this process including the prevention of the assimilation of similar letters, and the prevention of the assimilation of close ones to differentiate in significance. This study deals with a number of issues. Firstly, some confusion and overlapping in the meaning as well as mentioning the analogy known to the Arabs. Then, it clarifies the source of disagreement, and explaining the reason for this violation. The meaning in any language represents the linguistic features. The present research consists of two axes: the first seeks to demonstrate the overlapping of semantics caused by the assimilation of the two similar letters. The second one showed the Arabs’ violation of their analogy by assimilating of the two convergent letters, and that this The violation was for semantic differentiation

Abstract Undoubtedly, Characters are of great significance in novels cannot be written without them. The character is classified in several types in the novel, Each of these categories is based on a purpose. Eventually, all these types are reflected in the novel. This study is an attempt to present the types of characters in the novel. This study is an attempt to present the types of characters in the novel using a descriptive analysis method. Our research consists of two chapters. The first part entitled” concepts of characters in the novel”, an account is given regarding the main terms of the study including “, character, and the types of character in novels”. The second part entitled “the types of characters in the Novel "Nights of Adam" by “Bayan Salman”.

Abstract Word Formation is a wide and important process in Languages. Words can be coined in various ways and forms such as coining, inventing words, blending, etc. . These processes sometimes occur according to rules, but at other times they occur while violating the existing rules. In certain cases, some phonological, semantic, and usage factors hinder the process of word formation. Besides the introduction, conclusions, and the references list, this research consists of two major parts. In the first part, morphological structures in Kurdish language are explained; syntactic and lexicographical morphemes are introduced, roots and affixes are presented. In the second section, the morphology of word formation is generally discussed, then compounding, affixation, blending, and word borrowing processes are explained. In the second part, the classification of semantic features and in the second section, the word formation processes and rules are stated. In the third section the obstacles to word formation processes are analyzed. A summary about word formation based on rules and while violating rules is presented and finally, the concluding points and the references list are provided.

Abstract Poets in all literary schools utilize the poetic and rhetorical technique of simile in their works. QubadiJalilzada is on of the contemporary poets with a distinctive style. So because poet innovates with poetic imagination and style rather than adhering to a predetermined poetic form, the researcher in this study emphasizes the presence of many simile forms and techniques in his poems. Thus, the present study pinpoints poetic simile, according to its types, forms, morphology and place.

Abstract The study is based on human thinking, which starts with human instinct, and expresses his different needs. The material of study is a language when the core of the language is the term (philosophy of language). It seeks about the reasons behind the formation of the languages, their relationships and their stages of development, from the eloquent origin to the everyday. The mother language converges with phonetic, morphological commonalities, and synthetic. These comparisons and linguistic approaches are based on the descriptive inductive method. They are restricted to the subject of regulations and laws that are regulated by it. The comparisons were made between the origins of the (Indian - European) and (Semitic - Hamitic) factions. The study is based on points in which linguistic axes converge, such as the diversity of words and their convergence, the significance of words, and the possibility of their response to dual origins that mimic the sounds of nature. Some of them vary from two origins, as well as the interpretation of the mental image that carries the sensory and metaphorical image and its impact on meaning. The study shows the extent of the connection of roots between languages and their convergence, as well as the effect of the environment on language when the modern philosophical and linguistic studies show the value of language and its connection with each other to end the study with great secrets about the reason behind the growth and permanence of the great language.

Abstract There is no doubt that the Hebrew language, which is an important part of the Semitic languages to which our Arabic language belongs, has become one of the important languages in the Arab region, and it is time for Arabs to learn it and understand what is going on around them and from within them in terms of plans that reflect on the future of the region as a whole. Therefore, it was our duty as specialists in the study of Semitic languages and the Hebrew language in particular to write research on the origins and divisions of this language. From this point of view, this research was prepared to complement the great scientific research and studies in the field of Semitic studies, especially the Hebrew side of it, the research has been addressed to several topics, the most important of which was the definition of the term "Hebrew" in Arabic and Hebrew, and knowing the origin of this term with mentioning the most important opinions that touched on the hadith about its origin and interpretation, and also the origin of the word labels (Jews - Israelites - Hebrews), and then it was proven whether the words "Hebrew" and "Arabic" are one word? Or is there a difference between them, hence the historical and religious connotations of the term "Hebrew" are mentioned in Jewish sources, and then in Jewish sources and finally in Islamic sources, where these connotations are the main axes around which this research revolves. In the end, there was the conclusion in which we mentioned the most important results we reached through the preparation of this research.

Abstract