Journal of Language Studies

Abstract

Orientation of similar verses requires signs that lift the confusion of their forms, and to show the jokes and rhetorical subtleties that appear behind this difference between them. The restriction of one of the two verses to the neighbor and the descent and the absence of the other from them, was only a wisdom requested by those who probe the depths of the Qur’anic text, and this restriction may come based on the general and the particular Or the characteristic of intent, or the different status of the speaker, addressee, or informant, or it is based on an absolute that benefits comprehensiveness, and a restriction that benefits specificity, and so on.

Abstract

In sum, in this work and this study, which is tagged with (The Discourse Implication of the Deliberative Structural Methods in Surat Al-Ahzab), it seeks to monitor the contextually required implications of the required constructional methods in Surat Al-Ahzab, using the data provided by the deliberative, as it relied on one of its theories, which is the Conversational Implication Theory With its dimensions and data. And that according to a drawn plan, using a set of sources and references.

Abstract

The research deals with an important issue of the Arabic issues, the issue of simulating the structure of the pronunciation of the meaning in the sensible things of the speech of the Arabs. Which was initiated by the Arab scholar Al-Khalil (170 AH) and Sibawayh (180 AH) spoke about it, and Ibn Jinni (392 AH) expanded on it and began to justify the occurrence of some buildings in a certain form, such as his saying: Two verbs come in movement and turmoil, and an act whose eyes tightened to repeat the event, and the reason for which the blame increased; Because they are sources of repetition. However, the idea remained in confined structures, and we took these examples and were pleased with them in explaining the many structures of the abstract triple verb, as we find that the fracture of the lower lip corresponds to the lowness of beings, their smallness, and the low of things. We find it in the present tense of a verb that does, and a verb that does. We find that the lips are joined indicating roundness, and the total thing. We find it in the present tense of a verb that does, and we find that the opening of the lips simulates the rise and movement of things. We find it in the verb.

Abstract

This study aims to clarify the concept of the term Dual (Al-Muthanna) according to Muhammad Bin Badr Al-Din Al-Manshi (died 1001 A.H) in his book: Muthanna Al-Manshi with its balance with the opinions of scholars

Abstract

The research is concerned with the analysis of selected texts from the hadiths of the Prophet that include numbers in the chapter of knowledge in the Sahih of Al-Bukhari and Muslim (may God have mercy on them and enter them into a paradise to display the heavens and the earth prepared for the righteous) a rhetorical analysis according to the basic phonetic rules laid down by the scholars of Arabic rhetoric (may God have mercy on them). In revealing the aesthetic, artistic and rhetorical images of these prophetic hadiths, and clarifying the choice of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, for words, giving preference to one expression over another, and one form over another, and the manifestation of the splendor and beauty of graphic and original images, With clarification of the distinctive characteristics of each type, and their effects in directing meanings in order to understand, persuade and influence the recipient, because the Prophet, peace be upon him, came to build man and organize the relationship of the servant with his Lord, and the relationship of servants with servants is based on acquaintance, the Almighty said: {O people, we created you. from male and female, and We made you into peoples and tribes, that you may know one another. Indeed, the most honorable of you in the sight of God is the most pious.

Abstract

The Arabic language has been invaded by many great invitations whose aim was to degrade it and break its prestige among global languages and transform it from what it is into a vernacular or a dull dialect devoid of spirit and deep meanings. But these supplications broke their shovels on the solid rock of their ruggedness, and their feeble desires collapsed in front of that steadfastness and that determination and jealousy that swept in the souls of their distinguished scholars who did not leave a path to their victory except to go through it or a crack through which the rot of that vocation seeped unless they purified it, and here we are looking for a path that is neither excessive nor middle. negligence, We take the path of defenders of the language who take it in its hand, the researcher took the truth of the way and searched the origin of the intruder, the birth and the Arabized in the dialects spoken in the Samurai society and at a certain category of them. And the use of agricultural expressions by them came to a great extent, which prompted us to codify and study them in a semantic and original study.

Abstract Ali bin Munjib was from the book of the Diwan in the sixth century AH and headed it during the time of the Fatimid state. Saying, the mention of praise will continue in sermons and messages until it reached the sixth century AH according to written customs, after which it is a basic prerequisite for the initiation and a complement to the structure of the message, both intellectually and formally, as the work varied according to the subject, especially in mentioning the blessings and virtues that are praised by God, and the use of praise in its nominal form is stronger in its nominal form. The style is from its Gaelic form because it carries stability and strength, as well as honoring the divine self. The praise is reinforced by the method of assonance, counterpoint, and the Qur’anic verses cited, especially when dealing with authority and the official position. Sometimes the praise is repeated in the same message on the subject of congratulations and condolences. It deserves it, with the repetition of the words (praise and praise) when sensing the obligations of God, and Ibn Al-Sayrafi presented the praise in a literary and stylistic form in order to serve the meaning of it. The message is according to the Sunnahs of praise in correspondences of all kinds, which he has mastered.

Abstract Dynamic Assessment focuses on understanding learner’s abilities to acquire the skills after being exposed to mediation. The problem is that a large number of teachers affirm that the results of summative assessment are not satisfactory and they do not represent their students’ actual potential. This study endeavors to explore EFL university teachers’ awareness of dynamic assessment (DA), investigating their opinion of DA as well as identifying their implementation of DA in their EFL classes. This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews to obtain the data. The informants were 15 EFL teachers in four universities who were selected by using purposive sampling. The findings of the study indicated that EFL university teachers are unaware of dynamic assessment. It is confirmed that they lack theoretical knowledge of DA. However, the study revealed that teachers’ practical use of DA is limited. Furthermore, the results unveiled that EFL teachers have positive attitudes towards DA.

Abstract

In studying the research, I adopted the descriptive approach, where the research aims to highlight the semantic efforts of Sheikh Siddiq Khan Al-Qanouji in his interpretation (Fatah Al-Bayan fi Maqasid Al-Qur’an), and infer the poetic evidence of ancient and modern poets, and the sayings and opinions of senior scholars of interpretation, ancient and modern, where the focus of the research was on some phenomena Semantic development such as semantic development, synonymy, antagonism, common verbal, semantic contrast, and a statement of Al-Qanouji's opinion on interpretation

Abstract

In this Research we have tried to shed light on the topic of alienation and estrangement in Gibran Khalil Gibran’s poetry, which is of a Lebanese origin (1883 – 1931), and is considered to be one of the prominent poets of Northern Diaspora School. This poet who shook the theme of loss and its repercussions depicted by estrangement and alienation as the cornerstone of his life like a storm that came devastatingly because of the death of his mother and brothers early in his life, living at the time and circumstances when he was a an alienated worker in the United States of America, the bitterness of inner pain which devoured him, agonizing anxiety, self-destruction, impaired and distorted thinking, disturbance of the psychological mood, the conditions of the Lebanese occupation by the Turks, and the consequences of the conflicts that brought calamities to the Arabian countries. The phenomenon of alienation and estrangement has been linked, in our Arabic literature, to the class and bureaucratic tyranny, the absence of freedom, subversive traditions and loss of trust in many systems and principles. In the light of all these difficult circumstances and Gibran’s firm faith and certainty that he came to this life bearing a message, he wanted to disarrange the poetical rhymes and rhythms of life and turn them to prose and rearrange the prose of life into poetical rhymes and rhythms. The result was sighing estrangement, inhibited in his subconscious, to the linguistic surface in his poetic speech and language with the finest forms and creative and aesthetic expressions. 

Abstract

This research is entitled (Argument Structure description in the Kurdish Language), an attempt to present the relationship between syntax and semantics. The purpose of argument structure is to show the relationship between predicates and arguments in a sentence. The data and samples of the study were taken from the Kurdish Lexicon. According to their Lexical information, the argument structure was presented and then tested in syntax to determine the relationship between the argument structure and the syntactic structures. In the result, the research indicates the argument structure is central between semantics and syntactic structures.

Abstract

A section of poets carrying the message of high love of humanity, and made their poems a tool to serve the values of humanity and society, and deal directly with human social ideas. Their mission is the development of human values and values of love, respect, healthy social relations and .. Saadi Shirazi and piramerd are poets who carry the message of human education, through which they were able to build a school for the preparation of ethics and social values of man and human society. From this aspect, we began a study comparing the poems of both poets under the title "Effect of Saadi Al-Shirazi and piramerd on Social Thought". It consists of two parts. Our research ended with a comparison of their poems, presenting the research results and referring to the research sources.

Abstract

In This paper, statistical method is followed which is an important method in Linguistics and Lexicography, the paper focuses on using main informations in didactic dictionary in (Harza dictionary) as a specific Kurdish- Kurdish didactic dictionary for Secondary and High School students, and show the important statistical tables for main informations in didactic dictionary and the paper denotes the main informations in Linguistics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax and Semantics, after that we study encyclopedic informations and terms in Secondary and High School textbooks in (Harza dictionary), Finally The Paper has resulted the significant points at the end.

Abstract Postmodernism is considered a break with 19th-century realism and before that, the project of Enlightenment dealt with the issue of transformation of outer phenomenal reality to an internal consciousness of the human mind. As a result, the using postmodernism subconsciously reveals and manifests their inner consciousness through what they do. It rejects the concept of absolute reality. Mostly, postmodernist writers support the premise that ‘irrational is real’. Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot (1948) is considered to be the leading playwright amongst many others. This play derives its inspiration from European existentialism which was one of the foremost philosophical schools within continental tradition. In Waiting for Godot, there are no pre-determined rules or any unity in time, place or action. The ending of it can be interpreted in many different ways. The author of this paper has tried to put the play in the European context and highlighted the features which are considered to be the hallmark of postmodernism

Abstract Legislative language is a specialised language and must be precise, clear, and comprehensive. It is famous for its odd or unique meanings. Because of the oddness of these meanings, this kind of language is difficult to understand by laymen and even by educated people. The present paper provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of directive and commissive speech acts that are employed by the Iraqi Constitution (2005). It aims at identifying their use, contribution and function. The analysis of data is based on Searle\\\'s classification of speech acts (1979). The conclusions show that commissive speech acts are more frequent than directives ones because in commissives the speaker, the Constitution, commits itself for future actions, gives guarantees and promises, whereas in directives, the Constitution itself gives orders and pledges to become laws.

Abstract

Investigating differentiated instruction in classrooms with learners who have multiple intelligence levels often leads teachers to face many challenges. When it comes to teaching and learning process, learners all are not the same. Though all learners learn, they still differ in their levels of prior experience, abilities of learning, learning style, learning profile, motivation level, interest, language skills, and even proficiency of language. But this does not mean that learners do not share some similarities in terms of size of classes they attend, personalities, hobbies, and their common expectations in learning. Thus, differentiated instruction seems mostly to meet the learner’s need to address variances among learners by utilizing various techniques and methods in the classroom through content, process, and product. Therefore, the predominant goal of differentiated instruction is for teachers to maximize the potential of all learners by proactively designing learning experiences in response to the needs of diverse learners. Hence, this study aims at exploring the challenges that EFL teachers face while practicing differentiated instruction in the multiple intelligence classes as well as examining the attitude of teachers towards the practice of differentiated instruction. It also aims at observing teachers’ differentiated instruction performance in their teaching classes and investigating the strategies teachers use in order to overcome those challenges. Interestingly, the investigation acknowledged that teachers have a desirable performance and potential attitude to implement differentiated instruction in the college classrooms. This might become distracted if teachers face problems such as time constraints, heavy workloads, and large classes that would impede teachers’ objectives in maintaining differentiated instruction for tailoring every learner’s interest and achieve higher level of academic success in teaching multiple intelligence classes. To achieve the research aims, two tools were used. The first one was a questionnaire which was used to examine the challenges faced by EFL teachers while practicing differentiated instruction in the multiple intelligence classes. The second tool was an observation tool to know if EFL teachers have willingness, awareness, readiness, and attitude to practice differentiated instruction in their classes or not and which strategy do they use in practicing differentiated instruction as well.

Abstract Fallacies are incorrect reasoning that make an argument seem less logically credible and easier to be identified as unsound. They are widespread; individuals commit them while engaging in various activities, including at work, at home, while creating advertisements, and in the media. This study aims to investigate the rhetorical strategies accompanied with producing the fallacious arguments selected from the American Film “12 Angry Men (1957)”. The study adopts Damer’s (2009) model for the identification of fallacy. As for rhetorical analysis, the study adopts Aristotle’s triangle of rhetoric and McGuigan’s (2007) taxonomy of rhetorical devices. The results uncover that the most violated criteria are relevance, acceptability and sufficiency. Besides, the arguers try their best to achieve persuasion by employing their own personalities, by depending on logic or manipulation of other’s emotion. The most frequently used rhetorical device is rhetorical question.

Abstract

The present research aims at investigating the role of the CoRT (Cognitive Research Trust) program for the development of thinking skills on the achievement of Iraqi English language learners (ELLs). The researcher adopted the experimental design and used a sample of(60) female students at Al-Maysaloon school/ in Salah Al-deen Governorate during the academic year(2019-2020).The sample is divided into a control group with(30)students and experimental group with(30)students. The two groups are equalized according to certain variables. The students in the experimental group are taught by using CoRT program , whereas, those in the control group are taught by using conventional method. The researcher uses CoRT program post-test which is conducted on the sample at the end of the experimental which is(12)weeks. The obtained results have shown that there are significant differences between experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group.

Abstract The Birthday Party (1957) by Harold Pinter vividly depicts the reality of the modern woman, with a straightforward breakdown in communication among some of the characters. Pinter makes every effort to portray this truth throughout this piece. He speaks with many pauses and silences, implying that language isn't as crucial to modern women as it once was. The power of silence, according to Pinter, is greater than that of speech. As a result, Pinter's plays have long and brief pauses. The drama is about the degeneration of human beings and the dying process. The paper follows feminism as a critical theory. It hypothesizes that Pinter is a feminist playwright who criticizes society for the improper portrayal f woman.

Abstract

The mid-20th century saw many American playwrights explore the realities of city life to powerful effect. Plays that emerged during this time paint an interesting picture of urban America as a paradoxical place of endless opportunity and limited resources. The characters of this setting have the dramatic potential to be uniquely tragic, often attracted to cities by promises of economic freedom only to be destroyed by the tough and competitive nature of urban life. The study aims at constructing a contextual reference framework within which Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, Arthur Laurents’ West Side Story, and Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun are analyzed to explore how the stressful environments of the city shaped life for different groups of urban residents. This study employs a textual analysis method to investigate how these three iconic plays of the mid-20th century create the tragic and tumultuous setting of the American city. By analyzing selections of dialogue from each play, the influence of city life on the words and actions of characters in each play will be shown to be instrumental in conjuring the hectic and often desperate realities of urban life in mid-20th century America.

Abstract One of the outcomes of the non-stop race in the field of technology and especially the military technology, was the invention, or more accurately progression, that was achieved in the military industry in the modern age. The horror of the large range of losses in the battlefields through the military combats especially in the 20 years Vietnam War pushed the decision-makers in the US towards ways of reducing human losses in their abroad wars and this resulted in a great expansion of what the English called ‘unmanned aerial vehicle’. The American university lecturer and poet Andrea Brady (b.1974), is one of the people of letters who reacted to this development that caused an international horror and global aerial control over almost all the aerial spaces in the world by the grand powers, through a 59 poems volume titled The Blue Split Compartments (2021). The present study is an attempt to analyze and evaluate the range of her assessment of the human, physical, and psychological damages that this new technology produces. It also seeks to navigate in the different poetic techniques and styles used in composing the poems where sad and catastrophic scenes and scenarios are disclosed in order to show the possible effects that those poems create in their readers and listeners. Such poetic techniques aim to stress the poetic quality of the military language especially the language used around drone warfare.

Abstract In some legal provisions, a great majority of obligation is used implicitly in Arabic particularly within legal texts. Most translators try to convey the explicit meaning neglecting the implicit one when translating. Moreover, for the urgent need to configure the legal text and grasp the surrounding meaning through employing the obligatory terms. We focus, in this research, on the possibility of using these phrases, which are implicitly existed in the Arabic language texts through avoiding the mistakes that give rise to mistranslation which may change the text status from mandatory to optional.

Abstract

The study aims to show the importance of idiomatic expressions since they are regarded as significant linguistic units for learners of English as a foreign language (LEF).Idiomatic expressions are expressions each of which consists of two or more words whose meaning differ from the literal meaning of the individual word .These expressions are really a problem for the student majoring in English that they do not understand them .The study also aims at exploring the rule of idiomatic expressions in improving communicative competence and whether these expressions have effective role in improving the student's performance in language. The Study follows the descriptive analytical methods. The tools used for collecting the data are the interview and two tests. The interviews are conducted with university lectures who teach English language .A pre-test and post-test are conducted for the student majoring in English who are students from the department of English . statistical social sciences (SPSS) programme is used for data analysis . The most important result are there is a significant difference between the student's performance in the pre-test and their performance in the post-test. There is a consensus about the necessity of the inclusion of idiomatic expressions in university syllabuses (95.2% of the lecturers).The study recommends that idiomatic expressions should be focused on and included within the syllabuses of universities in Iraq, besides adopting effective methods and techniques in teaching such linguistic elements .

Abstract This paper sheds light on the challenges faced by the student translators when they translate certain affixations in medical texts. It is difficult to understand the medical words without knowing the meaning of affixations attached to them because they have their own meanings and give a scientific reference to the words attach to. The study hypothesizes that student translators have limited knowledge and awareness of such affixations in the medical context especially the leaflets which are widely used in medicines. This paper also investigates the challenges those translators face when they manage the translation of the affixations into Arabic. The data are taken from different medical leaflets and translated into Arabic due to certain strategies used by the translators from English into Arabic. This paper shows to what extent the translation is clear for the TT readers and convey the meaning adequately. In this paper, Vinay and Darbelnet strategies have been adopted in this study to see how the meaning of affixations in the ST is conveyed in TT.

Abstract The present study examines the choices of semiotic in social media from a multimodal critical discourse analysis perspective. The study of signs and their meaning in society is known as semiotics. A sign is anything that can be used to represent something else – in other words, anything that has the ability to convey meaning. As a result, words, drawings, and photographs can all be used as signs. The aims of the study are to analyze, firstly; the process of word choices and the hidden ideologies behind such choices. Secondly, analyze the dimensions of images and the way of representing the image. Tools of analysis found in Kress & van Leeuwen (2006), and Fairclough (1989) are used to analyze the linguistic elements specially ‘quoted verbs” and the extra linguistic elements (semiotics) in the selected images that the accompany of news items. Using quoted verbs is a way to express the hidden means and unseen ideologies of the speaker. Visuals, like color, font, shot, distance and others are used relatively different to convey a particular discourse that is completely paradoxical to the social norms.

Abstract Investigating differentiated instruction in classrooms with learners who have multiple intelligence levels often leads teachers to face many challenges. When it comes to teaching and learning process, learners all are not the same. Though all learners learn, they still differ in their levels of prior experience, abilities of learning, learning style, learning profile, motivation level, interest, language skills, and even proficiency of language. But this does not mean that learners do not share some similarities in terms of size of classes they attend, personalities, hobbies, and their common expectations in learning. Thus, differentiated instruction seems mostly to meet the learner’s need to address variances among learners by utilizing various techniques and methods in the classroom through content, process, and product. Therefore, the predominant goal of differentiated instruction is for teachers to maximize the potential of all learners by proactively designing learning experiences in response to the needs of diverse learners. Hence, this study aims at exploring the challenges that EFL teachers face while practicing differentiated instruction in the multiple intelligence classes as well as examining the attitude of teachers towards the practice of differentiated instruction. It also aims at observing teachers’ differentiated instruction performance in their teaching classes and investigating the strategies teachers use in order to overcome those challenges. Interestingly, the investigation acknowledged that teachers have a desirable performance and potential attitude to implement differentiated instruction in the college classrooms. This might become distracted if teachers face problems such as time constraints, heavy workloads, and large classes that would impede teachers’ objectives in maintaining differentiated instruction for tailoring every learner’s interest and achieve higher level of academic success in teaching multiple intelligence classes. To achieve the research aims, two tools were used. The first one was a questionnaire which was used to examine the challenges faced by EFL teachers while practicing differentiated instruction in the multiple intelligence classes. The second tool was an observation tool to know if EFL teachers have willingness, awareness, readiness, and attitude to practice differentiated instruction in their classes or not and which strategy do they use in practicing differentiated instruction as well. This study tries to answer the following research questions: 1- What are the challenges encountered by teachers while practicing differentiated instruction in multiple intelligence classrooms? 2- To what extent are teachers aware of differentiated instruction in the multiple intelligence classes? 3- How do teachers practice differentiated instruction strategies to meet the needs of all learners?

Abstract The present research aims at investigating the role of the CoRT (Cognitive Research Trust) program for the development of thinking skills on the achievement of Iraqi English language learners (ELLs). The researcher adopted the experimental design and used a sample of(60) female students at Al-Maysaloon school/ in Salah Al-deen Governorate during the academic year(2019-2020).The sample is divided into a control group with(30)students and experimental group with(30)students. The two groups are equalized according to certain variables. The students in the experimental group are taught by using CoRT program , whereas, those in the control group are taught by using conventional method. The researcher uses CoRT program post-test which is conducted on the sample at the end of the experimental which is(12)weeks. The obtained results have shown that there are significant differences between experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group.

Abstract The study aims to show the importance of idiomatic expressions since they are regarded as significant linguistic units for learners of English as a foreign language (LEF).Idiomatic expressions are expressions each of which consists of two or more words whose meaning differ from the literal meaning of the individual word .These expressions are really a problem for the student majoring in English that they do not understand them .The study also aims at exploring the rule of idiomatic expressions in improving communicative competence and whether these expressions have effective role in improving the student's performance in language. The Study follows the descriptive analytical methods. The tools used for collecting the data are the interview and two tests. The interviews are conducted with university lectures who teach English language .A pre-test and post-test are conducted for the student majoring in English who are students from the department of English . statistical social sciences (SPSS) programme is used for data analysis . The most important result are there is a significant difference between the student's performance in the pre-test and their performance in the post-test. There is a consensus about the necessity of the inclusion of idiomatic expressions in university syllabuses (95.2% of the lecturers).The study recommends that idiomatic expressions should be focused on and included within the syllabuses of universities in Iraq, besides adopting effective methods and techniques in teaching such linguistic elements .