Journal of Language Studies

Abstract This study aims to investigate the various types of challenges and limitations at semantic levels that translators face in the business and economic translation products of tenders and bids from English into Arabic. To achieve the objectives of the study, a sample of four tenders of business documents was collected from a variety of national and international non-governmental organizations such as the bilingual specialized texts that were published between 2019 and 2020 in Iraq, specifically in Erbil, Kurdistan Region. The study relies on Holmes’ map (1988) of descriptive translation studies, developed by Toury (1995). To answer the research questions: how does a translator deal with specialised terminologies and expressions in translating business tenders and bids and what effect and role do semantic changes play in business and economic translation products? The study employs the analytical-descriptive translation methodology in analysing business texts. The analysis of business and economic texts has revealed that inaccurate synonyms at the semantic level, such as using different synonyms and translating semantic collocations, appear more frequently than other issues in translating business texts in the target language. The findings of the study have indicated that business and economic terms may have more than one accurate and faithful translation. Nevertheless, one translation can be appropriate and accurate. The study has concluded that cultural phenomena rarely appear in business and economic tenders and bids in comparison with other areas of economic and business texts, e.g., metaphors and idioms in general business texts.

Abstract This paper is an attempt to study gossip in two Newspapers. It pragmatically tackles gossip in these mass media. Consequently, it attempts to achieve the following aims:1) examining to what extent Grecian pragmatic theory of cooperative principle is of any help for revealing the intended meaning of media gossips in the selected newspapers.2) identifying the pragmatic structure of implicature in which gossip is composed. To Fulfill the aims of this study, it is hypothesized that: 1) Pragmatic principles occur randomly in English and Arabic media gossips.2) The gossip columns (the data of the current work) in the six newspapers under investigation are analyzed according to the models (Violation of Grice Maxims and implicature) . 3)Carrying out a contrastive analysis of the ways of expressing gossip in both languages.4) Drawing conclusions from the results of the study and making some recommendations and suggestions for further study.

Abstract This research aims at finding out the attitude of teachers toward developing Kurdish EFL university students’ verbal and non-verbal sociopragmatic competence, and the problems of developing this sort of competence that are mainly cultural problems. The sample of the study consists of fifty EFL instructors, who have experienced in teaching speaking, conversation, communication, and cross-cultural communication at the colleges of education and basic education at six universities: Sulaimani, Salahaddin -Erbil, Duhok, Halabja, Charmo and Garmian Universities A quantitative method has been adopted for this study and the data have been collected through using a survey questionnaire. The findings of the research reveal that teachers regarded sociopragmatic competence as an essential part of teaching in EFL classes. The findings also show that teachers agree that the problems of developing sociopragmatic elements relate to the fact that students lack cultural knowledge and they are unable to identify cultural similarities and differences between Kurdish and English.

Abstract The Arabs recognized the perfection of the eloquence of the Prophet (peace be upon him), and his rhetoric, and he was the most eloquent of the Arabs as a whole, we are from his rhetoric we draw the beauty of the Arabic language, and his eloquence has reached the end in human speech, his words have doctrinal and legislative dimensions to show people what came down to them, the Sunnah of the Prophet is the second source of Islamic legislation, it separates the entirety of the Qur'an and allocates its general and restricts its absolute.And his news about the past and the future must be believed, and its establishment requires compliance with its orders and prohibitions, whether in worship or transactions, our modest research entitled: The style of the command in the book (qataf al'azhar almutanathirat fi al'akhbar almutawatira) by Al-Suyuti - rhetorical study - consists of an introduction and preface in which we mentioned the eloquence of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and clarify the vocabulary of the title, which is a brief about the life of Al-Suyuti and explain some terms, And the method of construction order and others, especially the matter in the construction of the order and the order of the first methods discussed by grammarians and rhetoricians, and pointed to the true meaning and to some of the purposes that come out to it, and the research consists of two sections in the first section we mentioned the hadiths in which the matter of the obligation and in the second section, which is entitled hadiths in which the matter of scarring and desirability and then comes the conclusion and sources and references.

Abstract This study aims to reveal the meaning of the bit and its uses when the deceased Ibn Jinni (392 e)، and was (at all) mean when the general perpetuation that does not come out of it، or that this judgment is launched when the perpetuation that he sees without regard to the doctrines of other scholars of the same issue?. The nature of this study necessitated that it be divided into two parts: the first part deals with the issues that have been completely proven، and the second part deals with the issues that have been denied at all. This research is derived from a doctoral thesis dealing with linguistic issues in which Ibn Jinni used the rule of the bit، and the research dealt with all his printed compositions that were raised on twenty-five authors، abbreviated in this research on some phonetic issues، dealt with after the introduction، Before the conclusion، the issues that were denied at all، and in two forms: the first of them: it was what was used at all in its first form، i.e.: perpetuation and cutting in its general sense، and the second: it was what was used at all in its second form، i.e.: perpetuation and cutting of his linguistic vision and doctrine، without regard to the doctrines of other scholars.

Abstract This research is based on the statement of the hypothesis of the dialogic imperative in the Arab heritage through the exegetical discourse in the features of revelation in the interpretation of the Qur’an by al-Baghawi al-Hussein bin Masoud. In an attempt to re-read the Arab heritage in a modern way according to the principles of the critics of modernity who have pragmatic theory, to define the purposes of linguistic performance in religious discourse according to the principles alluded to by Grace

Abstract Whenever the history of Kurdish literature is discussed, especially from the early periods to the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, most of the thoughts and signs go directly to Sufism, heavenly and earthly love. Little has been said that a satirical aspect mixed with lampoon and facetiae forms an important part of this literature. From this perspective, as an important part of the history of our ancient literature also the forgotten history of satirical literature at this stage, this subject became of interest to us. Satire itself as a significant and widespread literary subject attracted the attention of the poets and writers throughout the ages. Accordingly, satire has been integrated to all the other fields like psychology, sociology, politics, religion, etc. Thus, they used satire as a means to integrate these fields into their literary works as well. The research is entitled (History of Satire in Kurdish Literature from the early period to the beginning of the twentieth century). It aims to be a new statement in this field that was previously underestimated and rarely researched. The research is divided into two chapters. The first chapter describes the terms and concepts related to satire, as well as the theories. The second chapter, which includes two sections, is dedicated to the history of satire. In the first section the history of satire in the Western literature and Eastern Islamic literature (Arabic and Persian) is tackled. The second section is about the history of satire in Kurdish literature from the early period to the beginning of the twentieth century. The research ends with the conclusions and the list of references.

Abstract Parallelism is one of the significant literary devices which are crucially employed to analysis literary discourse. Formalists look at it as key component to construct meaningful poetic script. Consequently, it leads to produce harmonization and establishing of the linguistic component of the text .This rhythm happens once the parallelism is inherently natural dissimilar to it is produced with effort. As long as the parallelism is dominantly perceived, it will prominently regulate the superlative of the written text. The study deals with constructing parallelism in the Kurdish contextual poetic manuscript namely (Salim Sahibqran) which is outlined from a doctoral dissertation .The study presents the theoretical background of the parallelism from the perspective of formalists to construct a poetic manuscript .Furthermore it is also employed as methodology of the study to analyze a bunch of poems from the stated poet. The study sheds light on the decisive point which is a distinction between parallelism and deviation. These two terms have been used in the literarily critical analysis of Kurdish texts and poetic manuscripts as an interrelated concepts, whereas the study has declared that parallelism is an independent literary device

Abstract This study aims to investigate the various types of challenges and limitations at semantic levels that translators face in the business and economic translation products of tenders and bids from English into Arabic. To achieve the objectives of the study, a sample of four tenders of business documents was collected from a variety of national and international non-governmental organizations such as the bilingual specialized texts that were published between 2019 and 2020 in Iraq, specifically in Erbil, Kurdistan Region. The study relies on Holmes’ map (1988) of descriptive translation studies, developed by Toury (1995). To answer the research questions: how does a translator deal with specialised terminologies and expressions in translating business tenders and bids and what effect and role do semantic changes play in business and economic translation products? The study employs the analytical-descriptive translation methodology in analysing business texts. The analysis of business and economic texts has revealed that inaccurate synonyms at the semantic level, such as using different synonyms and translating semantic collocations, appear more frequently than other issues in translating business texts in the target language. The findings of the study have indicated that business and economic terms may have more than one accurate and faithful translation. Nevertheless, one translation can be appropriate and accurate. The study has concluded that cultural phenomena rarely appear in business and economic tenders and bids in comparison with other areas of economic and business texts, e.g., metaphors and idioms in general business texts.