Journal of Language Studies

Abstract

Abu al-Qasim al-Tamanini (died 442 AH) is considered one of the famous grammarians in the fifth century of migration, and his book on Sharh al-Lama’ by Ibn Jinni is one of his most famous works. Abi Al-Fath Othman Ibn Jinni until he excelled and explained (Kitab Al-Lama’), as well as (Al-Tasrif Al-Malki), which Ibn Jinni understood, he sought to encompass the art of language. And all of those who translated into the eighties praised his knowledge and literature, and I found no mention of his flaws or defects or defamation of his personality, until Al-Dhahabi said about him: (One of the great imams of Arabic was taken from Abu Al-Fath Othman Ibn Jinni, and others, and from him Abu Al-Muammar bin Tabataba Al-Alawi took), then He went back to mentioning his description in the biography of the nobles’ flags, in which he says: (And the sheikh of Arabic Abu al-Qasim Umar ibn Thabit the eighty, the owner of Ibn Jinni), and among those who testified to them with literature and the credit of al-Suyuti as well, he said in it: (Ali ibn Thabit Abu al-Qasim, the octogenarian, the blind grammarian, was a virtuous imam, a complete writer). It was called the eighty after the eighty market, a small town in the land of Mosul in the direction of Qardi, it is said that it was the first city built after the flood, and it was named so because they claimed that those who survived from the ship were eighty human beings. This research introduces the famous grammarian eighty, and another of his important grammar books, which is the book (Al Muqeed fi Grammar). The research dealt with the definition of the eighty, his life and his scientific biography, and the approach he followed in his book (Al-Muqeed), which is considered an important grammatical text in collecting the rules of Arabic grammar.

Abstract

Boys have authority, so it was common in the past (love of boys, and flirting with them), which is one of the worst cases of flirting that appeared in this century, and it is a manifestation of globalization at the present time and similar to homosexuality, as this type of flirtation emerged in a way that exceeded its counterpart in the Orient, and in its distant form A distance from modesty, or shame in depicting homosexuality and sexual pleasure, and the poets of this type of spinning in general tended to obscenity, indecency and pornography in words, and took off the dress of decency from the poetic poem, so they went out of the ordinary, and flirted with boys and boys and said open and scandalous spinning that contradicts values The principles and noble morals of the Arabs were helped by several factors, including beauty in general, such as the beauty of nature, the beauty of people, the increase in singing boards, amusement, alcohol, a large amount of money and luxury, and the spread of the phenomenon of selling boys, maidservants and sodomy: Andalusians were buying them in abundance, and of different nationalities, and with an increase and spread Corruption and sedition increased saying this type of flirtatious poetry.

Abstract

The research aims to reveal the role of the silent nature elements and their informative role in the noble Prophetic hadith, which aims to stick the greatest heavenly message in the minds and hearts of the recipients to the fullest. All these constants were employed by the noble Prophetic statement to bring different meanings to the minds of the addressees, from different parts of the world and at different levels of knowledge.

Abstract

Abdul Haleem Mahouder is a storyteller and visual playwright, and he is one of the founders of the Basra Narrative Workshop and the Silence Film Group. He has many books in which intertextuality was clear, including his book "The Last of the Predictors". The significance of the darkness has a great impact on the same recipient represented in the two stories under study whereby these themes reflect many meanings. The black color, for example, is multi-connotation, and the writer employs it to make the recipient search for this plurality, as well as the white color, which is the opposite of black and other colors. In addition, employing the sense of the eye in exploring danger and confronting come through the psychological dimension and emotional awareness, as it is not intended by the human eye as an organ, but rather the insight that corresponds to the sight and even surpasses it. The writer uses the word "surprise", has a special philosophy and a strong significance in the dialogue. Alienation also has an effective impact on the writer's soul, as there may be self-alienation that affects writer's soul.

Abstract

This research was concerned with studying a linguistic phenomenon expressed as “al-Nadir or An-Nwadir” in linguistic dictionaries. The Lisan al-Arab lexicon came as a model for it, which is the document in the collection of its material for five dictionaries of language refinement, Al-muhkam , Al-sahah, and Hawashi Ibn Berri, and the end is in Gharib al-Hadith, This study attempted to reveal the concept of Al- Nadir and the reason for describing it, and to discuss its various connotations among linguists, and to clarify the closest and most famous content to it, according to the data presented to us in our research journey. And the motives for choosing it, with a brief pause to introduce the dictionary of Lisan al-Arab and the approach of Ibn Manzur in it, and how he presented the scientific subject and employing Al-Nadir in his lexicon. And then talking about the concept of “al-Nadir” by knowing its linguistic and idiomatic meaning, and the view of the ancients about a Nadir and their position on it, and standing on a Nadir in the Lisan al-Arab lexicon, as we chose issues drawn from the core of the subject of Lisan al-Arab, down to the conclusion and coming out with the most important results and course of the research.

Abstract

The sense of sight is one of the senses that a person enjoys , distinguishes by them , and enjoys the beauty of being in them, as this sense gives the person the ability to perceive the bright beauty and his gift of the subtle ability to sense colored objects, natural beings and fresh things in which man has found the ability to define their features It also believes that colors are a tangible and exciting phenomenon for them, and their distinction stems from their meanings. Color studies in its subject matter is that it is a space full of suggestion , contemplation, metaphor and sign , It has the largest part of man’s perceptual and natural experiences of the visible world , Poetry and color is a language that searches for generation and emanation , far from the language of the mummified mummy and rigid dictionaries , Rather , it is a language that stores many connotations and visions that need efficient reading that decodes the text's bounds to give the colors in the text an aesthetic depth that refers to the worlds of mental colors with their different associations.

Abstract

The phonemic level of linguistics is closer to all other levels of applied sciences; As a physical phenomenon in its origin, as well as finite and countable units; Thus it is easy to describe it mathematically. I had previously had an idea based on a quantitative description of the concepts of strength and weakness in the letters of the Arabic lexicon, by calculating the ratio of strong to weak qualities for each letter and thus showing the ratio of strength, weakness and moderation. With this research in her master's thesis tagged: (Quantitative Description of the Concepts of Strength and Weakness in the Arabic Letters), she did well and completed the research, and came out with good results, which no one has ever reached. Since the purpose of the research is a quantitative representation of the strength, weakness and moderation of each letter; It seemed to me that we treat those values that we obtained for each letter (the percentage of strength and percentage of weakness) with an arithmetic process and come up with one numerical coefficient for each letter that represents the strength, weakness, or moderation of the letter. The researcher did this by making the value of the strength ratio a basis, and comparing the weakness ratio with it according to the following equation (Strength Coefficient = Strength Ratio / Weakness Ratio). Relatively speaking, if the output is greater than (1), the sound is relatively strong. But if the result is equal to (0), the letter is absolutely weak, and if the result is equal to (∞), then the letter is absolutely strong

Abstract

This research aims to study Ibn Falah Al-Yamani’s position on the grammatical opinions of Al-Mubarrad in terms of approval, objection or transfer without discussing the opinion, as well as showing the personality of Ibn Falah Al-Yamani as he is obscured by the lack of studies on him. In the first section, it dealt with Ibn Falah’s disagreements with Al-Mubarrad’s opinions, and in the second section I dealt with Ibn Falah’s approvals with Al-Mubarrad’s opinions, and as for the third research, he talked about the opinions mentioned by Ibn Falah without weighting, then the research was appended with a list of sources and references that were used in the research and reached The research indicates that Ibn Falah is an unknown personality among most contemporary researchers, so attention was not drawn to him as it was directed to his contemporaries such as (Ibn Al-Hajib and Ibn Malik), and the truth is that Ibn Falah is one of the most prominent scholars of the seventh century AH, and the reviewer in his books (Sharh Al-Kafia and Al-Mughni) attests to this, And he did not deviate in his position from Al-Mubarrad’s views to a particular doctrine into fanaticism or in keeping with the whims of the soul, but rather he was objectively oriented behind the issue according to the strength of the evidence.

Abstract

Ahlem Mosteghanemi has tried to change her style of writing a little to move towards another certain style of writing in order to make women and men heroes in Nessyane.com series. The writer has taken this expression as a slogan for this novel" Love him as no woman has loved and forget him like a man forgets". In a manner of speaking, this novel is a series similar to advice, presented by Ahlam Mosteghanemi to every female who wanted to get rid of the man’s tyranny, presenting with this a set of examples she took from her surroundings and from her female friends who lived through the ardor of love, the pain of separation and hard to forget. The woman is stronger than that, so the silence of the man is one of the most powerful means that destroy the emotional cells and tissues of the female feelings. The linguistic style has been featured by a special linguistic structure and distinct terms. Once the book is opened, the novel's motto comes first on the cover, and despite its warning reference to all men that it is banned from sale to men, Nessyan.com is not limited to women, but men are an essential party in that because the forgetfulness as a concept is related to human memory, whether for males or females. Nessyan.com or forgetfulness was not only what Ahlam wanted to present as a message to those who wanted to forget, but the purpose of Nessyan.com is freedom and emancipation from the bondage of memory towards the desired freedom.

Abstract

This research deals with a linguistic phenomenon in the reading of one of the ten reciters, not to mention "the phenomenon of Al-Hamza and its impact on Ziyad's narration about Ya`qub Alhadhrami". After investigating the resources of narrations and interpretations, it shows that the narrations include differences in the single hamza and two hamzas. Hamza has been used "muhaqaq" in Zaid's narration, though it has been deleted in some situations, and moved in other cases

Abstract

The research is entitled “Morpheme Multi-functionality (of Prefixes) in Constructing New Words, Complex Words for Example”. Multi-functionality here means morphemes (prefixes) undertake several functions in creating complex words. Accurately, language gives diverse roles to morphemes as an indication for their various functions. This is a method originates in language itself, in which most of the morphemes with their various types are actively engaged for enriching the language lexicon. This role depends on the productivity of the morpheme, for instance, by adding the prefixes to the free morphemes several new meanings can be achieved in different parts of speech . It is the worth of mentioning that there are several researches about multifunctionality in Kurdish Kirmanji Dialect, but nothing has been done about prefixes solely and purely yet which is the prominent goal of this research. Samples and explanations of the research have been taken from this above mentioned dialect that specify the scope of it. Only Morphological level is taken into consideration to fulfil the research as a criteria that is why it can be regarded as a descriptive analytic research. The significance of this research comes out in indicating of theses prefixes that participate to construct words actively in Kurdish language. Prefixes are focused on, especially in relation to some specific parts of speech such as nouns,adjectives, adverbs, base and numbers. Finally, in addition to results and references, a sufficient summary in both Arabic and English languages is referred to

Abstract

Title and field of research: The title of the research (Nation in the History of Poetry), in which we try to present the principles of nation as a moral behavior in the structure of the nation We have tried to present the relationship between these scientific concepts in two parts .

Abstract Though D. H. Lawrence was not a mystic or a mystical poet, his poem "Shadows" is a mystical poem par excellence. However, this aspect has never been given its due of study. Due to the depth of the inexpressible mystical experience, mystical poets resort to symbolic language to render their experiences. This paper aims at exploring the poet's mystical experience in this poem and it is divided into two sections. The first section is introductory; it attempts to shed light on mysticism, its meaning and nature to reach at an acceptable definition of "mysticism". The second is devoted to a detailed analysis of the mystical experience and the main mystical symbols in the poem such as water, autumn, darkness, dry tree, blossoms, and the phoenix. The paper also shows the diversity of the poet's sources of this experience by relating it to Christian and even Islamic mystical thought or even to Indian mysticism. It also attempts to point out the major influences on Lawrence, namely those of the Spanish mystic John of the Cross, Islamic mysticism and Indian Mysticism. The last part of the poem is the conclusion which sums up the results of the study.

Abstract Reader Response Approach is one of these modern approaches which emphasizes on the creative role of the reader, so the current study sheds light on a fresh look at the reader response theory to enhance students’ performance through meaningful interactions with literature. It is an approach of teaching that gives the students opportunity to learn English , and helps them to learn and practice in class and solve their problem personally. Personal -Response approach is one of the literary criticism approachs in which the readers can involve their personal opinions, feelings, and background knowledge to create meanings of the text. Moreover, PRA helps the students’ reading comprehension by giving response o f what they read. The present study aims at: Investigating the impact of using personal response approach on developing the leveling of students' performance in EFL recognition and production and finding out the effectiveness of the personal response approach in improving efl students’ performance in learning English language. The hypothesis of the current study states that there is no statistically significant difference in the mean performance scores of the experimental groups’ recognition and production levels in the posttest. To achieve the aim and confirm its hypothesis the experimental design which is Non- Randomized Experimental Group Pretest- Posttest Design is used. The sample of the current study consists of (60) students who have been chosen from fifth scientific stage at Ibn -Al-Muaatum secondary school for boys in Tikrit. (30) students have been chosen to be the experimental group, and (30) students have been chosen to be control group. Both groups have been equalized in such variables of educational level of parents, testees age, English grades achievement in fourth stage, and the pre-test of both groups. To analyze the obtained data, different statistical means have been used T-test, weighted mean and percentile mean to measure the students’ performance.

Abstract

Passive voice refers to a syntactic phenomenon which is widely used in a language. The agentive passive construction which refers to a passive with overt agent is considered as one of the types of passive constructions which have great significance due to the role it does with regard to syntax, semantics and even to discourse. Its own consequence in these linguistic fields is reflected in its being a cohesive device which makes information appear in a logical order in which given and short information is put at the beginning provided that new and long information is placed at the end. It also helps to create a new sentence topic, moreover it completes the meaning of sentence due the important information it denotes. There are some problems to be met with regard to the agentive passive construction. It is worth mentioning that difficulty and ambiguity may be resulted in through both the deletion and retention of the agent. The other problem is that unacceptability can be created as a result of lack knowledge of semantic roles. This study aims at showing the appropriate comprehension of English agentive passive. It also aims at disambiguating situation caused by the omission or the retention of the agent besides knowing where to add or remove the agent in passive voice. This study hypothesizes that the importance of information affects the way agent is mentioned in passive constructions.

Abstract This paper is devoted for discussing cohesion as a main element in writing English texts with now and then reference to coherence since the two terms are closely interrelated components. Therefore, the researchers try to distinguish between cohesion and coherence by stating the differences between them. Cohesion means the way or the process of connecting two sentences together, whereas coherence, on the other hand, indicates the clarity of meaning and balance of a piece of writing or a text. This research focuses on the nature of grammatical cohesion in English by demonstrating its chief function. A real attempt is made to identify the types and divisions of cohesion.

Abstract Blended learning is an instructional approach that gathers digital educational knowledge and chances for connection electronically with traditional classroom strategies and techniques. It focuses on the foundation of physical foundation of both instructor and learner, with many requirements of learners control over place, setting ,and time. The purpose of this study is to reveal the effectiveness of blending learning on EFL college students’ writing abilities . To achieve the aim of the present study, a sample of (139)Iraqi EFL college students randomly chosen from college of Education/ University of Babylon . The total number of second-year students is 139, which has already been divided into two sections: A (60 students) and B (43 students), which are chosen at random to represent the experimental and control groups, respectively.After that, a posttest is created. The test is given to both the experimental and control groups. During the test, students must pay attention to five components of writing that are evaluated in the assessment: content, organization, grammar, vocabulary, and mechanics. The main findings show that employing a blended learning technique in the classroom can assist college students enhance three out of five components of their writing; content, structures and grammar , and vocabulary. This could be due to the fact that blending learning strategy is integrative and connected face to face and online learning.

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between cultural intelligence and language proficiency as well as seeks to identify Iraqi EFL University students' cultural intelligence levels. To this end, 400 students were selected randomly from different Iraqi universities / Colleges of Education/ English Departments / during the academic year (2020- 2021) as a sample for this study. Those 400 students were asked to respond to a cultural intelligence scale containing 20 items. After validating the adopted scale, Iraqi EFL University students' cultural intelligence was measured and compared by using ANOVA. Findings indicated that Iraqi EFL University students possess a good level of cultural intelligence and there is a significant relationship between cultural intelligence and Language Proficiency. Finally, the results were discussed and some suggestions were made for further studies.

Abstract It is commonly stated that the modern era is known as the age of upheavals. Colonialism has altered people all over the world, and transculturalism has become a global phenomenon. Writers, particularly, novelists managed to depict identity crises in their literary works. The study will be based on a textual analysis of Caryl Phillips’s A Distant Shore, focusing on Homi Bhabha’s concept of ‘hybridity’, Krestiva’s ‘dislocation’ and Edward Said’s notion of ‘self-other’. The aim of the paper is to explore the themes of hybrid identities and painful negotiations based on the experience of the protagonists in the selected text. The objective of the study is to identify the characters who suffer individual mobility and the causes behind, to investigate the relationships between the immigrants and the new environment, and to show the kind of identity the immigrants will lead in the future. The research will answer the following questions: What circumstances make the protagonists migrate? How immigrants can cope with others in the new country? And how displacement affects in shaping the identity of the immigrant characters in the selected novel? The paper consists of introduction, critical comments on the text, and definitions of theoretical concepts according to the selected work, and a conclusion.

Abstract The aim of this study is to find the types and to explain meta-discourse strategies used in Joe Biden’s selected speech. The study also tries to analyze the selected data by using the Hyland (2005) method or model in which meta-discourse is sorted in to two main kinds Textual and Interpersonal. The study has reached a number of conclusions; the most significant one is that interpersonal meta-discourse is frequently used by Biden for the purpose of affecting and directing American people. The study tries to have the answers to the following Questions:- 1-What type of meta-discourse markers used in Joe Biden’s selected speech? 2-What are the frequencies of the interactional and interpersonal meta-discourse markers in the selected speech? 3-What are the most important functions of meta-discourse in Biden’s speech?

Abstract This paper sheds light on the students' attitudes about Visual Learning (VL) during online Consecutive Interpreting (CI) courses and to what extent this type of education is important to influence the skills required in performing consecutive interpreting. This type of oral communication demands good skills in order to receive the source message comprehensibly form the speaker and render it accurately and efficiently in the Second Language(SL). CI is initiated when the interpreter receives the Source Message( SM) from the speaker and renders it within a specific period of time into Target Message (TM) to the listener. This paper shows how the VL influences the students' skills required when they interpret consecutively . Forty students from Department of Translation/ College of Arts/ University of Tikrit have been selected as respondents to see if the VL has affected their performance in CI during a distance learning course due to COV-19 pandemic instructions. Ten-items questionnaire has been distributed to the students after studying an online course in CI to see their attitudes towards this course and to what extent their learning influenced by technological apps.

Abstract This study attempts to investigate Iraqi EFL learners' production of impoliteness strategies according to their gender, age, and place of residence. For the sake of achieving this aim, the study hypothesizes that there is no statistically significant difference between the calculated value and the tabulated value of the production test of impoliteness strategies used by Iraqi EFL learners according to their gender, age, and place of residence. A test, which is the source of the data, is used to test the hypotheses of the study. A sample of (140) Iraqi EFL college students at the fourth year stage, Department of English, College of Education of Human Sciences, University of Tikrit, participated in responding to the test. The data collected from the test is analyzed according to Culpeper (1996). The results of this study indicate that gender, age, and place of residence affect Iraqi EFL learners' production of impoliteness strategies.

Abstract This paper is based on social and literary critique. Literature reflects human existence through expressing a vast spectrum of human emotions, feelings, and behaviours. People can transcend human creativity into something larger than life and beyond their imagination through literary art. Numerous references, scientific investigations, and literary works have been written about Racism. An octoroon by Branden Jacobs-Jenkins is one of the literary works that analyse such phenomena. The researchers are called literary critics since she evaluates and analyse the selected literary work to achieve the study\\\'s objectives. The researchers look at this literary endeavour from two angles: intrinsic and extrinsic and then apply the genetic structuralism theory. This paper tries to answer questions such as \\"Do Blacks in America confront a variety of forms of white racism?\\" and \\" What are the important things for Blacks to continue their struggle against racism and win equity?\\"

Abstract

Dynamic Assessment focuses on understanding learner’s abilities to acquire the skills after being exposed to mediation. The problem is that a large number of teachers affirm that the results of summative assessment are not satisfactory and they do not represent their students’ actual potential. This study endeavors to explore EFL university teachers’ awareness of dynamic assessment (DA), investigating their opinion of DA as well as identifying their implementation of DA in their EFL classes. This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews to obtain the data. The informants were 15 EFL teachers in four universities who were selected by using purposive sampling. The findings of the study indicated that EFL university teachers are unaware of dynamic assessment. It is confirmed that they lack theoretical knowledge of DA. However, the study revealed that teachers’ practical use of DA is limited. Furthermore, the results unveiled that EFL teachers have positive attitudes towards DA.

Abstract Passive voice refers to a syntactic phenomenon which is widely used in a language. The agentive passive construction which refers to a passive with overt agent is considered as one of the types of passive constructions which have great significance due to the role it does with regard to syntax, semantics and even to discourse. Its own consequence in these linguistic fields is reflected in its being a cohesive device which makes information appear in a logical order in which given and short information is put at the beginning provided that new and long information is placed at the end. It also helps to create a new sentence topic, moreover it completes the meaning of sentence due the important information it denotes. There are some problems to be met with regard to the agentive passive construction. It is worth mentioning that difficulty and ambiguity may be resulted in through both the deletion and retention of the agent. The other problem is that unacceptability can be created as a result of lack knowledge of semantic roles. This study aims at showing the appropriate comprehension of English agentive passive. It also aims at disambiguating situation caused by the omission or the retention of the agent besides knowing where to add or remove the agent in passive voice.

Abstract Abstract This study investigates the relationship between cultural intelligence and language proficiency as well as seeks to identify Iraqi EFL University students' cultural intelligence levels. To this end, 400 students were selected randomly from different Iraqi universities / Colleges of Education/ English Departments / during the academic year (2020- 2021) as a sample for this study. Those 400 students were asked to respond to a cultural intelligence scale containing 20 items. After validating the adopted scale, Iraqi EFL University students' cultural intelligence was measured and compared by using ANOVA. Findings indicated that Iraqi EFL University students possess a good level of cultural intelligence and there is a significant relationship between cultural intelligence and Language Proficiency. Finally, the results were discussed and some suggestions were made for further studies