Journal of Language Studies

Abstract

Wikipedia is among the earliest internet websites where information is posted by different people in the world of academia for educational purposes. The current study aims at investigating the perception of EFL instructors of using Wikipedia in research projects writings. In other words, it tries to investigate the extent to which the teachers perceive the use of Wikipedia in research writing projects by fourth grade students. To achieve the aim of the study, 22 Kurdish EFL University teachers in the English Department College of Basic Education at Salahaddin University enrolled as a sample. Moreover, a questionnaire was constructed by the researchers for data collection. It consisted of 24 items. The data were analyzed through SPSS version 24. The results showed that Wikipedia platform plays a significant role in providing the students with factual information in their research writing process, which is essential in helping fourth-grade students at solving the problems that they encounter while they write their research writing projects

Abstract

This research is an ecolinguistic study of UNICEF Environmental Reports “Nutrition in Emergencies” (June, 2018) in relation to the Sustainable Developmental Goals. It serves to identify the linguistic structures that highlight the role and responsibility of universal organizations and institutions in shaping the public’s views that are at the heart of sustainable development, and how one can be more socially involved. This research tackles potential influences the study of ecolinguistics can have on significant real-world issues, and how linguists can involve themselves in attending at these issues for a ‘sustainable future’. This research follows Stibbe’s (2015) model of analysis, namely, the framing technique. It attempts to reveal the frames used by UNICEF (June 2018) discourse via identifying the triggering words and then derive the source frames and their target domains. Accordingly, six texts are analyzed and the results show that there are many framings reflected by UN discourse that try to shape the worldview in relation to this report and that these texts are positive and beneficial since they are aligned with the ecological philosophy and ethical consideration to the lives and wellbeing of other species.

Abstract

Taking written and spoken discourse into considerations, Discourse Markers are regarded as crucial elements of written and spoken discourse by native speakers of English. In addition, their pivotal role and use are also inevitable in EFL Language classrooms. Thus, the current study aims to investigate the attitudes of Kurdish EFL University instructors concerning the role and use of Discourse Markers with regard to Pedagogic value, Identification with the native speaker norm, Pragmatic value, Dispensable value, Acceptance of the local usage, how Discourse Markers are represented in EFL classrooms, and how they should be highlighted in EFL classrooms. A questionnaire was distributed to 106 Kurdish EFL instructors at various universities in Kurdistan Region. The quantitative findings revealed that the instructors had positive attitudes towards the role and use of written and spoken Discourse Markers in EFL classrooms. Discourse Markers were found to have both pragmatic and pedagogic values but they were underrepresented in written and spoken materials in Kurdish EFL classrooms and were not highlighted by the instructors in their writing and speaking classes. The study requires the integration of Discourse Markers in the curriculum for both language productive skills. The implications that were drawn from this study for further studies were to investigate role and use of Discourse Markers in the receptive skills of language and the learners’ perceptions concerning this role or use.

Abstract

The Conceptual Metaphor (CM) is a relationship between source and target domains that maps into the exact meaning. (CM) improves EFL learners' performance and achievement in learning English and increases their ability to understand the words, idioms, and phrases in a foreign language. As a result, metaphors play a greater role in the learning and teaching of idiomatic expressions. Although, the meaning of idioms is not entirely predictable; there is some systematic logical reasoning for their meaning, as the great majority of idioms are predicated on conceptual analogies and metonyms. However, we must recognize that there are culturally dependent conceptual systems and that metaphors are pervasive in English language and so intimately tied to learning English. Finally, future studies should focus on conceptual metaphors and not neglect them because they are very important in our daily events and life.

Abstract

This study aims at revealing the rhetorical difficulties of teaching English novel to the third grade from the students' perspectives at the Universities of Tikrit and Kirkuk. 1. Finding out the rhetorical difficulties and the problems that face Third grade students in the English Departments in Tikrit and Kirkuk Universities in teaching novel from students' perspectives. The population of the study are 161 students from English Departments in Colleges of Education for Humanities at Tikrit and Kirkuk Universities, whereas the sample is 65 students. The questionnaire has been constructed and distributed to the third year students of English Department in the Colleges of Education at Tikrit and Kirkuk Universities. The questionnaire of students which contains (20) items, to be answered by the third year students. The novels that are included in the questionnaire are: 1. "Wuthering Heights" by Emily Bronte 2. "Great Expectations" by Charles Dickens After the analysis of the results of the current study. It is recommended that rhetorical difficulties of novel should be concentrated, explained, analyzed to students.

Abstract

The aims of comparative literature are manifested in liberating human thought and allowing the reader to delve deeper into the understanding of literary works by showing the convergence between them, regardless of their diversity and source, as these works are a product of human thought through the ages, as this literature evaluates texts according to cultures and eras. This paper is an attempt to explore the similarities and differences between D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover and Kadhim Al-Ahmadi’s Yesterday was a Tomorrow as far as settings, characters, language, techniques, and themes are concerned. It also tries to find out whether Al-Ahmadi is influenced by Lawrence or not

Abstract

Literary translation is one of the most difficult fields of the science of translation. This is because of the way that a unique utilization of language is perverted from standard, ordinary, unliterary language. Other than delivering the semantic characteristics of the text, it is the translator's central goal to re-compose the source text as a masterpiece of target text, and he/she endeavors to keep the uniformity of content and structure and the text's personal, national and linguistic characteristics. Unalike different kinds of documents , literary works are abundant with meanings , connotations and roundabout messages which are the genuine test for the cryptographer. This research is an investigation of the translation of an Arabic literary work ( a novel by Naguib Mahfouz) and the troubles the text of ( Peter Theroux) faces according to Berman’s Negative Analytic which adopts the following deformation categories: (1) Rationalization (2) Clarification (3) Expansion (4) Ennoblement (5) Qualitative Impoverishment(6) Quantitative Impoverishment(7) Destruction of Rhythms (8)Destruction of Linguistic Patterns(9) Destruction of Idioms and Expressions(10)Destruction of Vernaculars or their Exoticization(11) Destruction of Underlying Networks of Signification(12) Effacement of the Superimposition of Language . The paper presumes that the translation of literary works is a compilation of intellectual interaction which includes a discernment not only of the denotations and its connotations of the ST. The study aimed at investigating the occurrence of the deforming tendencies in the translation of the abovementioned novel and how these tendencies affect the semantic and linguistic meaning of words and expressions, and whether the translation strategy is SL-oriented (Forienization) or TL-oriented (Domestication). The study concluded that deformation tendencies were excessively used by the translator through his following of the TL-oriented translation especially for the cultural specific elements, the frequency of the deforming tendencies , occurrences. Percentage and rank ,were presented in table and figures.

Abstract

This research is an attempt to study aspects of syntactic deviation in Abdul-Wahhab Al-Bayyati with reference to English. It reviews this phenomenon from an extra-linguistic viewpoint. It adopts a functional approach depending on the stipulates of systemic Functional Grammar as developed by M.A.K. Halliday and others adopting this approach. Within related perspective, fairly’s taxonomy (1975) has been chosen to analyze the types of syntactic deviation because it has been found suitable and relevant to describe this phenomenon. The research hypothesizes that syntactic deviation is pervasive in Arabic poetry, in general and in Abdul-Wahhab Al-Bayyati Poetry in specific, and can be analyzed in the light of systemic Functional Grammar. It also hypothesize that syntactic deviation intensifies cohesion in poetic texts and does not disrupt or dismantle links between the structures of the clause. The devices tackled in this research are: ellipsis, repetition, functional shift, and thematization.

Abstract

This study sheds light on a certain grammatical and lexical phenomenon in both English and Arabic. It tackles implied negative process of some forms. Lexically, some nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs in both languages approach clearly the concept of implied negation. Grammatically speaking, some aspects related to questions, exceptions, conditional clauses and exclamatory wishes tend in certain occasions to behave in a way that captures the sense of intended negation. This study shows a clear aim represented by how this grammatical and lexical phenomenon is viewed in the languages concerned. So, certain points about the structure and meaning of this sort of negation are clearly underlined. The study continues to maintain the main objectives like relating aspects of implied negation in both languages and pointing out the interwoven orientation understudy.

Abstract

The present paper aims at studying Shakespeare’s view of women through the study of female characters in some of his comedies. The selection of the comedy is decided according to the nature and role these female characters play and according to the various stages of the playwright’s works. The female figures in Shakespeare’s comedies are believed to be prominent, vital and progressive following the writer’s mental and spiritual changes. This paper studies the middle or sunny comedies from which one play is selected: As You Like It. In this play, the female characters appear to have some impressing characteristics. They are portrayed as being impressive, beautiful, gentle, tender, passionate and of leading characters. They also show themselves to be loving, optimistic, courageous and the main plotters of the action.

Abstract

The primary rhetorical device, metaphor, frequently alludes to figurative language in general. Therefore, linguists, critics, and writers have always given it considerable attention. It has historically been examined and approached in terms of its basic parts (i.e., image, object, sense, etc.) and types (such as cliché, dead, anthropomorphic, current, extended, compound, etc. metaphors), as it was initially a significant aesthetic and rhetorical figure. However, recently, metaphor has drawn even more attention from a completely different standpoint of ideologization and conceptualization, especially in light of the most recent breakthroughs in cognitive stylistics. As a result, this shift in viewpoint has an immediate impact on translation theory and practice, which must now be handled similarly from a metaphor translation perspective. This study attempts to analyze the translation of metaphor from a cognitive stylistic standpoint, focusing on how subjects, objects, and individuals are conceptualized. In essence, every metaphor is a reflection and construction of the writer's or speaker's ideas, attitudes, mentalities, and ideologies. Therefore, in various texts, especially literary discourse, any metaphor is conceptualized in terms of the source domain and the target domain. On the basis of the two domains, the source and the target, translators predict an instantaneous favorable response to this notion of metaphor in the target language. The paper's conclusion aims to shift attention to metaphor as a concrete, conceived, practical, and up-to-date rhetorical figure. Both in translating theory and practice. This will reveal freshly undiscovered aspects of metaphor's interpretation, enjoyment, comprehension, and translation in both the SL and the TL.

Abstract

Writing history is not a monopoly to the historian ، History is a source of Inspiration for many writers provided that, it maintains credibility of the historical material and is careful to convey it .In this research, we have based on important point of how to merge the history narrative with Biography. The importance of this research comes as it highlights on some several issues: First, the difference between the novelist and chronicler of history narrative, the two writers used history in their literary work and what distinguishes them from the historian, which conveys history in all its precise details in a neutral and objective manner is a mixture of personal feelings and narration of contemporary historical events. The second issue the motivations of writing a novel sourced from history. This issue deals with the project of history narrative and the goals that make both writers (Annie Arnaud and Anaam kaghi) discuss in order to complete the project, overcoming all obstacles and difficulties encountered while writing. Each writer had her own style in gathering historical information, which leads to produce a literary work worthy of reading to be a narrative project full of historical events affecting of both. The last issue focuses on the role of collective biography in the transfer of historical events and social problems in a certain period of time. The biography is not lacking in the novels of "Tasharri" and "the years" of collective autobiography through which the two writers discusse some of the problems of the Iraqi and French society at that time.

Abstract

The purpose of this current study is to determine the impact of the five dimensions (E5) on the acquisition of literary concepts among the fourth-grade preparatory students by stimulating their imaginative thinking. Its sample consisted of (44) students, with (22) students from group (A), the experimental group and (22) students from group (B), the control group of Al-Mughirah Preparatory School for Boys. The researcher prepared a test consisting of (30) paragraphs distributed according to the acquisition of literary concepts. Each skill consists of (5) paragraphs, and each paragraph consists of three multi-choice alternatives. The researcher also prepared a scale for imaginative thinking consisting of (20) paragraphs distributed according to the imaginative thinking skills of (3) skills, and each skill distributed into (4) paragraphs, and the scale is one of the following alternatives, the student has imaginative thinking to a degree (very large, large, medium, and a few). The researcher used statistical methods such as the t-test for two independent samples, chi-square, and the (Spss) for statistical review, and he reached: 1- There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group students and the mean scores of the control group students in acquiring literary concepts in favor of the experimental group. 2- There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group students and the mean scores of the control group students in the imaginative thinking test in favor of the experimental group. There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students in the pre and post-tests of the imaginative thinking in favor of the post test.

Abstract

This research aimed to identify the evaluation of the Arabic language book for the fourth grade literary in the light of comprehensive quality standards from the point of view of male and female teachers, and the researcher used the descriptive approach and a questionnaire consisting of eight dimensions (the general form of the book, the introduction to the book, the content of the book, objectives, means of evaluation in the book, the methods used in the presentation of the material, the appropriateness of activities and their applicability, and the development of the book material for positive trends), and the research tool was applied to a sample of (119) teachers and schools and was chosen randomly. The results of the research showed that it came first the field of the general form of the book among other areas, and secondly the field of the appropriateness of activities and the possibility of their application, and came third introduction to the book, then fourth means of evaluation in the book, and finally the objectives and in all ranks came the percentages are medium, and the proportions of the content of the book and the development of the book material for positive trends and methods used in the presentation of the material with low percentages, and also from the results of the research there are no statistically significant differences between the averages of male and female teachers' grades in the Arabic language book for the fourth grade of literature , It is attributed to the scientific qualification, specialization, years of experience, and the existence of statistically significant differences between the averages of male and female teachers in the Arabic language book for the fourth grade literary , according to the gender variable in favor of females, and in light of the results of the research, the researcher put forward some recommendations.

Abstract

Woman was the core of poet`s attention throughout ages till this moment. They used to describe her as source of inspiration and ingenuity for their poetry. Woman was the main inspiration for writers as well as poets who played a real role within the psyche of human beings. Woman was presented within the poetry or works of Al Zahawi indifferent images. She, for example, took the image of good mother, daughter and wife. As mother, she incarnated the source of protection, emotion and education. As lover, she had a great role with the works of the poets in the sense that, the poet described her physical beauty. She also played the role of oppressed woman either by her father, husband or the society and its tradition that was opposed on her. Thus, the poet calls to elevate her status and role mainly within the Iraqi society and generally with the entire world because she is the second half or part of the society. The research dealt with the concept of woman and her role within the view of Al Zahawi.

Abstract

This study aims to trace the phenomenon of phonotactic transposition in the dialect of Central Sudan in light of the modern linguistic lesson. The rules this dialect has followed were explored by identifying the letters affected by transposition and the reasons behind it. The relationship of this transposition to that in classic Arabic dialect was considered in order to document the phonemic phenomena therein and to identify their origins and link them to the mother tongue from which they emanate. The researchers have collected vocabularies in which transposition took place from the dialect spoken in Central Sudan to describe and analyze them to specify the type of transposition used. The research used the descriptive historical analytical method to serve its purposes. This study will contribute to providing an approximate view for those interested in oriental linguistic studies and developing educational curricula that overcome obstacles arising from the existence of such a phenomenon and the lexical confusion that may result from it.

Abstract

This research works in its vocal field to study one of the most prominent and important Arab poetic texts in the Abbasid literature, with what it represents of vocal conflicts unique to it over what corresponds to it in its purpose from the poetry of the same era. These conflicts worked to highlight the strengths in its formal construction and how this text It revolved around it in various aspects and levels of measurement, structure, composition, and rhetoric, with what was reflected on it in pictures that revealed its contents, the content of its discourse, and the richness of its material. My attention to this aspect came specifically, because of the impact of vocal performance that many researchers and scholars hardly notice in shaping the normative structure of poetic texts, which is basically based on intonation and tirades that do not go unnoticed if we say that it is one of the basic and authentic elements of building Arabic poetry.

Abstract

The linguistic sound, the smallest unit from which the verbal chain is formed, has a space that cannot be ignored, how is that when it is the basic building block in the rest of the linguistic levels? Morphology, structure, and rhetoric, and just as the above three levels have connotations through which one can reach the realization of the nature of the text, the sounds of linguistic contexts have an impact and suggestions in depicting meanings that cannot be overlooked, and they are sought through the repetitions of sounds and their groupings in the same context and in the association of phonetic qualities with each other, as well as The syllables that make up those contexts, and no appeal to the singular phoneme; Because it cannot be judged by it alone. The research was based on seeking the sound allusions to the contexts of the verses of prostration from two sides; An aspect related to a number of the qualities of sounds that have a role in giving the characteristic of strength or weakness to the vocal context in which they occur, and the qualities are: loud, whispering, intensity, softness and moderation, and that is in the general proportion of their occurrence in the aforementioned verses on the one hand, and the focus of these verses represented by the text of prostration in them from On the other hand, this is in addition to stopping at a number of vocal characteristics that formed a phenomenon that attracted the ears.

Abstract

There are many words mentioned in the Glorious Qur'an indicating the perfection and completion, and these two words couped with certain two Ayahs of the Qur'an whichleads to investigate them in order to differentiate their semantic and graphic values. The Arab Linguists defined the perfection as a completion and the completion as perfection and make them as a synonymy. But in the miraaculousness Qur'an Graphic has its own each word semantics and position that it is unique with. In this paper, I have trid to prove that there is no synonym between these words used in the Qur'an and each word refers to a specialized meaning can be shared with other words even if it in semantics. At the end, Ihave collected the opinions of the commentators and linguists to reach good results.

Abstract

Many words and phrases have been mentioned in the book that require standing and studying them , and I am trying here to find out the rule of trust in it, and for its use by those mentioned in the book from the Sibawayh sheikhs. The nature of the research necessitated that the plan in it be as follows: Preamble: First: the concept of trust, linguistically and idiomatically. Second: Trust in the grammarians, and its relationship to listening, and the words of trust in the book. Then the issues of trust in him were divided into three sections, the first: audio issues. The second: morphological issues. The third: grammatical issues. These three sections were followed by a conclusion stating the most important findings of this research. In conclusion, I relied in writing the research on sources and references.

Abstract

This study attempts to present the importance and philosophy of the aesthetics devices through the new poets’ poems, this is because aesthetics discipline is one of the significant aspects of rhetorics that the poets used in writing their poems. The aesthetics works and interacts with the music all the way up to create beauty and meaning inside and among the words and the lines, and finally to make miscellaneous images in the most beautiful style and possible ways either in the lexical aesthetics andor in the meaning one. This study comprises of a preface and two sections: the preface provides aesthetics theory. In the first section, those aesthetics devices have been examined that produce music in various ways. In the second section, those aesthetics devices have been investigated that strengthen meaning. After examining these roles and aspects of aesthetics, the main findings and the sources consulted in this study are presented.

Abstract Research on the history of Kurdish literature requires more efforts. Especially all those poets who have left behind little material and little has been written about them. For various reasons, the Kurds have not been able to rewrite their literary history completely and accurately. In this respect, new information about them is gradually going to be revealed through the workings on uncovering the manuscripts of the world archives. Although the nineteenth century is the richest century in the history of literature, it has the most shortcomings on the lives and works of our poets. This research entitled (Keyfi, his life and works in the Ottoman Archives) has tried to reveal several aspects of this poet's life through the Ottoman and Western archives, especially revealing part of his life in Mosul, Istanbul, and his work as a translator, lawyer, linguist and journalist. Additionally, the study reveals the time and the place of his death, and investigates his relationship with Kurdish poets and his reflection in Kurdish journalism during the Ottoman period. This study resolves some of the debates that existed in the past century about the life of this poet and with this new information fills a gap in the biography of Keyfi in the history of Kurdish literature. Key Word : Haji Qadir Koyi, Istanbul, Keyfi Jawanroyi, Kurdish Poetry, Ottoman Journalism, Translation

Abstract

The school dictionary based on the principles of the Kurdish-language school dictionary that can be introduced as a scientific effort on one of the dictionaries set up for school students under the name of the school dictionary, which was prepared in 2016. It has been attempted to investigate according to the principles of school multiplicity in this dictionary and determine the pros and cons aspects of the dictionary. Therefore, it was thought that the research included two main parts as follows: Part one dedicated to the theoretical aspect of the research, which briefly describes the definition of dictionary and aspects of the school dictionary. Whereas, part two is dedicated to the research methodology, which has been attempted to work on the school dictionary according to the information available in the first section. Finally, the results of the study are determined a part from the reference lists and it can be stated that the overall idea of study is written in both Arabic and English languages.

Abstract

Every national literature has its own distinctions and characteristics that distinguish it from other literatures, despite the convergence of some literature from each other by virtue of several factors, including political, geographical, military and historical. However, they retain their national specificity, and here we must point out an important point, which is the influence of each other by virtue of the factors we mentioned above, but this does not mean that they walk in a balanced line in the stages of their development and renewal, and this applies to Kurdish and Persian literature, but both have their national characteristics that distinguish them from the other. Kurdish literature has gone through different stages of stagnation, rise, development, and so literature. Persian has its own provisions and circumstances. Both writers felt the need for renewal, development and advancement at a sensitive stage of the history of their nation, and so Kurdish and Persian writers felt the need to do hard work for renewal and modernization.

Abstract

This research is entitled " Evaluating word formation components apart from verbs in Mahwi's Persian poems" aiming at analyzing morphological aspects, word formation and its constituents in his poems. The study begins with a brief explanation of Mahwi's life, imagination and opinion. Regarding the data, Mahwi's own Persian poems are utilized as data to conduct the research. Moreover, the present study demonstrates morphological analysis and its role for conveying and introducing meaning and messages that have been implemented. Depending on the extent of the research and the basis of theory (literature review), the components of the compound, complex and compound complex have been illustrated through providing examples. Furthermore, Mahwi's poems have been analyzed from the perspective of word constituents in the current research. It is worth mentioning that a word by its compound, complex or a mixture of both components apart from verbs are the items and materials of the study. In this study, the stated concepts, different types of constituents and morphemes have been accurately referred to, analyzed, and illustrated via providing examples from the poems as an evidence. The Findings show that the poet has created, apart from common and used words and expressions, specific neologism in word constituents and expressions and introduced words in the morphology scope. The tables in the analysis of the study play a leading role through illustrating morphological types and most of constituents on the tables. The purpose behind utilizing abbreviations in this paper is to avoid repetition. In addition, the researcher has taken into consideration the economy of language though using symbols and intended terms in the study.