Journal of Language Studies

Abstract Cognitive structures embody mental concepts and direct our thinking about the world. In addition, semantic approaches reveal the conceptual structures involved in organizing the meaning of a word in light of the frames by which the meanings of words are understood. To understand the most prominent cognitive theories and semantic concepts, one must rely and refer to the cognitive model consisting of the frame theory which is a cognitive theory that seeks to embody the mental concepts derived from the linguistic structure. Frames are the mental structures underlie the lexical unit and draw its paths of meaning and define its embodied frame. They also translate the process of interaction between language and the human mind in creating new meanings and conceptual concepts. Among the scholars who developed this theory is the American linguistic Charles Fillmore (1929-2014) who had a strong presence in the field of behavioral psychology through his structural and lexical semantic researches. He was one of the founders of mental and cognitive linguistics along with George Lakoff and others. Fillmore insisted on the great importance of semantics and its value in explicating different morphological and syntactic phenomena. Key words: The Frames, Cognitive Linguistics, The Meaning, The Inclusion.

Abstract Every literary text has an implicit pattern, which does not appear easily, but through the critical experiences and practices that are formed by the recipient, through which he arrives at the cultural pattern that the writer is trying to show indirectly, and the creative and intelligent critic is the one who forms an image of this pattern, such as the pattern Identity, domination, sovereignty, exclusion of others, and others. These patterns are reinforced for the creator through his experiences in his environment, and they are a social-cultural storehouse of popular, ideological, and heritage customs and heritage. He was inspired by the customs and traditions of his society, and reveals them to us through cultural pattern. Key Words: Cultural pattern-Cultural Critisizm-Hidden theme-Identity-Sovereign.

Abstract In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, and peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, his family, and his companions. After that, Qasim Amin (1863-1908) is considered one of the most prominent social reformers in Egypt and the Arab world. His opinions sparked a lot of controversy, since the beginning of his call for women's liberation in 1899. In addition to the attacks and angry reactions he faced against his calls and ideas, he was able to influence Egyptian society through his writing style and create radical changes in it. Therefore, it was necessary to pay attention to his persuasive argumentative discourse and the language that shaped this discourse. These argumentative discourses belong to social argumentation, and they deal with purely social topics. The author came up with new reformist ideas that contradicted the customs and traditions of society and clashed with them. This made him resort to employing arguments of various kinds to achieve harmony and the support of the recipients and to be able to convince them mentally of these ideas and to influence their behavior practically. Social argumentation includes more than the issue of women, which the author's name is associated with, especially the issues of Arab society in general and Egyptian society in particular, such as: education, education, unemployment and corruption in all its fields, and other topics that the author dealt with.

Abstract This study,entitled “Abbasid Poetry in The Enthusiasm of Abu Tammam”, aims to identify Abu Tammam’s selections of poetic extracts for a variety of poets of his time in the divan of enthusiasm. It also aimed to determine the frequency of Abbasid poetry in enthusiasm. To achieve the research objective, a descriptive inductive approach to investigating the phenomenon and describing it precisely has been adopted. This study has been divided into an introduction and three sections; the first section is entitled: Defining Abu Tammam,the second section highlights enthusiasm, and the third section is entitled: Abu Tammam's selections of poets of the Abbasid era. The study comes to conclude that Abu Tammam was the first who used the word enthusiasm, and that was with his poetic selections for a large number of poets from the ages of the pre-Islamic, the Umayyad, and the Abbasid. His Selections of poets of the Abbasid era did not include all chapters. There are no selections of Abbasid poets in the parts of Narratives, Sleepiness and Good Things, which may indicate that his selection of a variety of extracts are characterized by depth of meaning. Highly sophisticated and intensified language. Abu Tammam's selections of Abbasid poetry were few compared to his selections of poets of the pre-Islamic and Umayyad era. Furthermore, It was found that Abu Tammam did not include any politic extracts for the two poets of Abu Nawwas and Bashshar bin Bord even though they are two famous Abbasid poets and have a prominent status. The study concludes that more research is needed to investigate more selections in the Abbasid poetry like Al-Bohturi’s selections. Keywords: Abu Tammam, Abbasid poetry, art picture, old literature, poetic choices, poetry of enthusiasm.

Abstract ur paper entitled (The aesthetic of Artistic image in the poetries of Faqe Qadri Hamawandi), it analyses and explain the poet’s poetries in term of aesthetic the artistic images. So, it illustrates the genius of artistic images that the poet had focused on it and the poet thought that image of poetry is way of expressing the his interior, so his poetries have a good level of aesthetic, in this aspect he got benefit from rhetorical arts especially featuring and metaphor. . Our paper consists of two chapters: first chapter ( the concepts of the paper theoretically demonstrated ) which are three points, the first point is about the concept of artistic images, second point is artistic images and rhetoric and third point is aesthetic of artistic images. Second chapter ( the aesthetic of artistic images of the poet) which are three points, the first point is artistic images of pessimistic, second point is artistic images of love, third point artistic images of nature. The consequence has been illustrated in some points. keyword: aesthetic, beauty, artistic images, pessimistic, love, nature.

Abstract The study of women in war spans ancient to modern times, highlighting their significant contributions as combatants, nurses, spies, resistance fighters, and home front workers. Their experiences challenge traditional gender norms and have led to lasting social and political changes. This study aims to examine the profound effects of war on women, using documentary novel to enhance our understanding of the role of women in war. By exploring the real stories of Kurdish women fighters in Syria, the study illuminates the multifaceted impact of war on women and their transformative roles in conflict and peace-building. Adopting a feminist perspective, the study explores Daughters of Kobani by Gayle Tzemach Lemmon (2021), focusing on the unique suffering experienced by women in war. Key Words: Feminism and militarism, documentary novel, female fighters, Resilience, Daughters of Kobani.

Abstract Doublespeak, an omnipresent feature of political discourse, faces challenges when translated into Arabic. The principal objective of this research is to evaluate the quality of doublespeak translation into Arabic, considering both linguistic and cultural nuances. A corpus of six English political discourses and their translation was analyzed according to four strategies: euphemism, jargon, gobbledygook and inflated language to identify the categories of the doublespeak. Translation procedures are applied to these translations in order to evaluate the effectiveness of translation such as literal translation, transposition, equivalence, modulation and adaptation. The results indicate that the translation of doublespeak is a nuanced task and the translator should have comprehensive knowledge of the source and target language, as well as the cultural context the doublespeak is being used. The findings of this research suggest that some translations do not take into consideration the cultural nuances, using neutral way or adopt new situation in translation is a successful method to avoid cultural difficulties, using some strategies can reveal or down play the doublespeak and there are different motivations for using doublespeak such as political, personal, security and military. This research recommends that Vinay and Darbelnet model of translation is an effective tool in decoding the obscuring, disguising or misleading the meaning of the text. Keyword: Doublespeak, translation, political discourse.

Abstract This paper aims to identify the use of the mask in Yeats's poetry shedding light on three poems written in the period (1910-1933). The researcher uses the literary analysis methodology to achieve the objective of the paper. The paper consists of three sections; the first gives an introduction and summarizes the poetic changes through the poet’s life, especially the social and political effects upon his psychology and literary works. The second discusses the use of the mask or anti-self-technique in the latest poems of Yeats and summons up the mask and some historical views about it. The third section concludes several points including that the mask technique is a part of the poet’s life due to his psychological state of mind and how it affects his matured poetic life. Key Words: Anti-self, Persona, Politics, Rhymers, Style.

Abstract Speech act theory is one the most important theories in linguistics in general and pragmatics in particular. The first part of the research is concerned with the theoretical background of speech acts while the second part is concerned with data analysis and conclusions then the references used in this research. The current study deals with the theory of speech acts that has been proposed by Austin and developed by Searle. The study focuses on the use of speech acts through baby songs. It is an Analysis of macro and auxiliary speech acts which is presented by van djik.In this study, six famous baby songs are utilized to be the data of analysis and finally Grice maxims are tackled in this study. Key words: pragmatics, speech act theory, macro speech acts, auxiliary speech acts and baby songs.

Abstract The main aim of the current study is to shed light on the current status of the Turkmen language in the city of Erbil. The main research questions for the current study are: Is the Turkmen language in any danger of extinction in Erbil? Does the Kurdistan Regional Government have any role in surviving the Turkmen language as an ethnic minority language in Erbil? The Turkmen language in Erbil is believed to be safe from extinction as Turkmen people use it in daily life without facing political or social issues. In order to obtain data, an open-ended survey is used involving 60 Turkmen teachers and instructors at Turkmen Atabag primary and secondary school for girls, Fuzuli primary and secondary coeducational school, Oghuzkhan primary and secondary school for boys, Gharibi high school for girls, Imaddadin high school for boys, and the Turkish Department at Salahaddin University/ College of Languages. For analysing the achieved data, the researcher used a mixed methods research approach, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative methods. The researcher follows the work of Mühlhäusler (1992) as an adopted model. The current study concludes that the Turkmen language is not in any danger at all in the city of Erbil. Moreover, the Kurdistan Regional Government plays a great role in surviving the Turkmen language in the city of Erbil. Keywords: Turkmen language, Definitions of Minority Language, Ethnic Minority, and The Future of Minority Languages.

Abstract Cognitive structures embody mental concepts and direct our thinking about the world. In addition, semantic approaches reveal the conceptual structures involved in organizing the meaning of a word in light of the frames by which the meanings of words are understood. To understand the most prominent cognitive theories and semantic concepts, one must rely and refer to the cognitive model consisting of the frame theory which is a cognitive theory that seeks to embody the mental concepts derived from the linguistic structure. Frames are the mental structures underlie the lexical unit and draw its paths of meaning and define its embodied frame. They also translate the process of interaction between language and the human mind in creating new meanings and conceptual concepts. Among the scholars who developed this theory is the American linguistic Charles Fillmore (1929-2014) who had a strong presence in the field of behavioral psychology through his structural and lexical semantic researches. He was one of the founders of mental and cognitive linguistics along with George Lakoff and others. Fillmore insisted on the great importance of semantics and its value in explicating different morphological and syntactic phenomena. Key words: Language, Persuasion, Communication, literature, influence

Abstract This research explores the correlation between creativity and writing report texts among EFL university students at Tikrit University. A quantitative research design is adopted to measure the degree of association between creativity and writing report texts. Using a correlation analysis. A sample of 100 third year college students is randomly selected from the population. Data collection involves two diagnostic tests the first one is to asses creativity and the second diagnostic test is to asses writing report text. Tests are scored based on predefined scoring schemes. The results of the correlation analysis utilizing person correlation coefficient, reveal that there is a correlation coefficient between Iraqi EFL University students' creativity and writing report texts. Key words: Correlation, Creativity and Writing Report Texts.

Abstract The present study examines Dunia Mikhail’s The Bird Tattoo (2023) as trauma fiction that contributes to the concept of memory in trauma studies. The study argues that Mikhail’s novel brings to the fore a history of subjugation and victimization inscribed upon the historical body of Sinjar and Nineveh’s memory like a tattoo. It further argues that The Bird Tattoo’s representation of different stories of suffering functions as a reflection of Michael Rothberg’s concept of multidirectional memory, which effectively features colonial trauma studies. This argument is discussed alongside the poetics that the novelist in question relies heavily upon to project the bloody and overwhelming genocide committed by ISIS against Iraqi inhabitants during its terrorist existence in Nineveh during and after 2014. According to this context, the study aims to answer the following questions: how does Mikhail weave a coherent narrative structure in which raw materials are fueled by bloody conflict; and what is the function of such trauma fiction? These questions are answered through a critical approach that scrutinizes the aspects of colonial trauma with reference to the content and form of The Bird Tattoo. Keywords: multidirectional memory, trauma fiction, genocide, colonial trauma, The Bird Tattoo

Abstract The most American writers who tackle the theme of past and present in their works are Eugene O'Neill and Tennessee Williams. This paper attempts to analyze the theme of past and present in O'Neill's Long Day's Journey Into Night and Williams' A streetcar Named Desire. They have presented their tragic theory of the relationship between the characters' tragic downfall and the power of the unconscious self or their psychological mental fate. They have used memory as a recurrent motif in their major plays. The aim of this paper is to analyze memory that symbolizes the past and its impact on the present in the two selected plays. The major characters are shown through memory as they feel haunted with the restraints of past, which casts shadow on their present condition. As the human archetypes live under unfavorable conditions whether they are political, social, or economic, they cover their harsh realities with memory of the beautiful past. Key words: past, present, liquid, memory, misery, reality.

Abstract It is argued that supplementing EFL classes with authentic listening materials helps EFL students be equipped with necessary skills and prepares them for real-life situations. Additionally, such materials tend to increase EFL learners’ interest and motivation in language learning. This study aims to explore the attitude of Kurdish EFL university students regarding the importance of authentic listening materials for improving their language proficiency. Moreover, it seeks to investigate any potential challenges faced by Kurdish EFL university students when they are exposed to authentic listening materials. To achieve these aims, this study employed a mixed method research design using a questionnaire and interview questions. A total of 76 students from the University of Human Development in Sulaimani City participated in the study. Of these, 18 volunteers have been interviewed to provide further details to corroborate the collected data from the questionnaire. The questionnaire’s findings has revealed that the overwhelming majority of the respondents have a positive attitude towards authentic listening materials in EFL classes. The results further showed that more low-proficiency students reported difficulties, such as vocabulary and cultural obstacles than high-proficiency ones. The findings of the interviews mainly supported the questionnaire data. It can be concluded that the use of authentic listening materials could motivate Kurdish EFL university students and enhance their oral language proficiency. Therefore, communicative English classes at the tertiary level should be supplemented with authentic listening materials to prepare students for real-life communication. KEYWORDS: Attitudes, Authentic Listening Materials, Language Proficiency, Kurdish EFL University Students, Potential Difficulties

Abstract English for specific purpose is becoming increasingly considerable in various sectors, including medical sectors. Although numerous studies have investigated the effectiveness of such programs o n cultural competence behaviors and client outcomes, limited research has explored professionals' perceptions of cross-cultural educational representations (such as cultural consciousness and cultural competence) and the magnitude to which they and their administrations implement these values in preparation. In light of this gap, this study is directed to investigate the perceptions of healthcare professionals regarding customarily competent care, their involvements with multicultural patients, their own levels of cultural competence, and the degree to which they believe their cultural competencies discourse multicultural encounters. Data for this study are collected from a sample of 56 healthcare professionals affiliated with a Baghdad university in Iraq, representing various healthcare systems. A 19-item questionnaire, consisting of open-ended inquiries and multiple-choice items, is used to gather participants' perspectives and experiences. The majority of participants seem to perceive cross-cultural education primarily from a "cultural awareness" perspective. They emphasize on the importance of possessing practical cultural knowledge, such as understanding norms and customs, and facilitating communication through the use of interpreters. The study participants pay little attention to the principles of systemic cross-cultural approaches, such as cultural competence, cultural safety, and addressing issues like racism, power imbalances, and biases ingrained in the majority culture. Additionally, the need for self-reflection and awareness of personal prejudices was rarely acknowledged. Key Words: Educational Challenges, Cultural Competence.

Abstract This study entitled (A statistical stylistic study in Safi Hirani's Turkish Poems) has been accomplished. Initially, it focused on concepts, terms, and their definitions of style and stylistics in the literary text. Which means that style is the (linguistic, intellectual, and literary) characteristics that became common in a certain period and followed by poets. Then, the subject was explained with the poet's Turkish poems and statistical stylistics was applied on it. The aim of the study: to show and reveal statistical stylistics in the poet's Turkish poems in order to determine the number and type of sentences in these texts. Because by examining the poetry of any poet in the field of statistical stylistics, you will find out the style of his works in terms of language materials (quantity). This is of particular importance in literary texts and scientific research. The method of the study: statistical stylistics based on the concepts and materials of stylistics. Keywords: style, statistical stylistic, statistics, Safi Hirani.

Abstract This research takes the use of the mother tongue in the French language classroom as a foreign language and the role that this language plays. This work consist of two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part presents this concepts that lie at the hearts of this study, such as defining the field of the art of education in general, and teaching and learning the French language as a foreign language in particular. This part also sheds light on the language class, then the concept of language, and the definition of the mother tongue and the foreign language and what is the relationship between them. Then it deals with the uses of the mother tongue, and ends with the mother language according to the curricula. While the practical part includes a questionnaire addressed to the professors of the Department of French Language at University of Mosul. According to the answers received from the questionnaire, the research concludes that the use of the mother language with students in the first and second grades plays an important positive role in teaching FLE. While it hinders the learning of the French language for third and fourth grade students in the Department of French Language at the University of Mosul. Keywords: teaching/learning, mother tongue, foreign language, language class.

Abstract We must know in this introduction from our modest research and before continuing our study, what is the meaning of the root in the Russian ‎sentences. Here we can define the root, as it is the main part of the verb ‎from which the meaning of the verb is derived. Therefore, it is a very important part of the verb, and the root can also be considered to be (morpheme). Here we present the linguists’ definition of the verb root, which is the part from which the form of the word (the verb) is extracted, and this means that the root: is what creates the verb form and from it the verb ‎ (incomplete action), and thus it is what constitutes the verb and its meaning ‎in the context of the sentence. It should be noted that in the Russian language we cannot find a verb without a root, and this is a well-established linguistic fact in many ‎languages. And according to the rules of the Russian language, we can say that the meaning of the verb is primarily associated with the root. In other words, the verb root and from it the verb (incomplete action) contain the meaning of the verb, in addition to being its main component. There are words and actions that have a specific root. This root indicates its meaning for other words and meanings: for example, the word (white) and the verb (to whiten) indicate at the same time the meaning of (snow white). And the word (black) and the verb (black) are associated with the ‎meaning and concept of the word (coal). Since we are talking about the root of the verb, the reader has a question, how do we find the root? Answer: The root exists in two ways: - Detect words and verbs consisting of the same root.‎ - Find words and verbs that have common parts of letters.‎ Key Words: корня глагола, Основы смысла , неполной формы.

Abstract The article examines the current issues of developing, writing and using modern textbooks to teach Russian as a foreign language to Arab students, such as Iraqis. Furthermore, the study attracts attention to different models of building textbooks to be the main learning tool and an effective way of teaching various experiences. The article explains the history of the development of academic textbooks of Russian sciences and the contribution of prominent Russian scholars in designing textbooks, taking into consideration the difficulties of designing trainings to teach RFL to Arab students. Textbooks are available since ancient times, however, there is always a need to update content and develop the methods of teaching. Keywords: textbook, competencies, activity, speech, knowledge, skills, Russian language, communication