Journal of Language Studies

Abstract The research sheds light on how to understand and deal with the problem contained in this phrase ((neither verbally nor appreciatively)), which was mentioned in some grammatical issues. After inventorying those issues containing this phrase, I found that the phrase deserves a clarification study, and understanding it requires careful thought and thought in order to reach a conclusion. Proper understanding of it; In order for the reader and student to understand its meaning without difficulty and difficulty, and to clarify its meaning and clarification comes through discussing those grammatical issues that were extracted from grammatical books, and this study came under the title: {Places of absence of pronunciation and appreciation in Arabic grammar{. It became clear through research that the relationship between pronunciation and estimation is a relationship of association, either positively or negatively. If the pronunciation works outwardly, then the estimation works analogously. The supposed pronunciation and estimation are associated with each other in these grammatical issues, either in a positive form or in a negative form. Among the following expressions are: (Verbally and appreciatively) or its complete opposite (neither verbally nor appreciatively). The first phrase is clear and the second phrase is ambiguous, and it is the subject of my study in the research. The reasons varied from one topic to another in the event that the factor or sentence does not need the word verbally or appreciatively, the completeness of the meaning and the sentence not needing an assumed assessment, or there is no change in the ruling of the pronunciation or in the interpretation of its assessment, or the loss of the effect of the factor and his influence on what is done verbally or appreciatively. Or connecting them verbally or in any way, its meaning changes to another meaning, as will appear in the following issues.

Abstract Class itications in the sciences of the Arabic language abounded ,especially in the fourth Century AH and the science of morphology had a share of those class I if cations ,due to the matunity of linguistic studies in the century ,in addition ti the abudance of explantions on thise class ifi cations ,and an example of AL-shafi\'a in the science of mor phology and its explanations ,and mara\'al –Arwah in mor phology ,these explanations were distinguished by alarge number of objections responses ,and morphological comments This research deals with the morphological objections of ibn kamal pasha(died94AH) in the book: AL-falah fi sharh alMarah ,which is an explanation of al-marah in morphology by Ahmed bin masoud ( died 700AH) .ibn kamal pasha adopted someof the foundations in his objections including hearing ,and logy, and reasoning He was successful in many objection issues and he mostly followed the Arabig scholars who preceded him on the grounds that hearing and languages (dialects) fall within the limits of morphological anomalies due to their departure form analogy.

Abstract Praise be to Allah, the Lord of all worlds, and blessings and peace be upon our Master Muhammad and his pure and noble family and companions. And now... The study of Quranic recitations has a significant impact on Arabic sciences as a whole (phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, stylistics, etc.). These studies have yielded a rich linguistic heritage, especially in books that focus on the study of Quranic recitation guidance, which has clearly shown the influence of these recitations on Arabic sciences. Each recitation aims to elucidate all linguistic aspects of every Quranic text. This research focuses on studying the impact of directing the meaning of reminder and feminization in Quranic recitations, highlighting the importance of knowing the masculine and feminine in the study of Arabic grammar and morphology, and distinguishing between the feminine and masculine. The interest of Arabic scholars in studying recitations is no less than that in other linguistic and grammatical issues of the texts of the Holy Quran. To achieve the study of directing the meaning of reminder and feminization of the verb in Quranic recitations, this research is divided into four sections preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion, supported by sources and references. The introduction presented the importance of the topic, the research plan, and the Quranic texts that will be studied and analyzed. It also covered a preamble defining Quranic recitations, the difference between the Quran and recitations, the concept of guidance in language and terminology, followed by a brief definition of the Imams of recitations. The first section is entitled: The obligation and permissibility of masculinizing and feminizing the verb in Arabic, and it is divided into three parts: The first: The obligation of masculinizing the verb, the second: The obligation of feminizing the verb, and the third: The permissibility of masculinizing and feminizing the verb. As for the second section, it is entitled: The permissibility of masculinizing and feminizing the verb in Qur’anic recitations. The conclusion then highlighted the main findings of the research, followed by a list of sources and references upon which the research was based.

Abstract Chaotic human behavior refers to the exhibition of unpredictable, disrupted, or disordered manners. The chaotic individuals embrace chaos as a means of self-expression or rebellion against particular harmful experience and to defy societal norms. They act impulsively and destructively; their behavior may stem from a desire to disrupt established systems or challenge authority. When they reach the edge of chaos, the most exciting place to be, though it is insecure condition sometimes, to get balance between order and chaos, they manage to overcome their limitations and liberating themselves from the self-destructing thoughts, accordingly they reorder the disorder and chaos. In fiction, such characters often create conflicts and unpredictability within the story. They can serve as catalysts for conflict, pushing other characters to question their own beliefs or take action. Fictional example of chaotic characters include in Chalk Palahniuk's Choke. This paper aims at analyzing the human behavior within a chaotic system and suggests chaos theory as a systematic approach to analyze the novel Choke, demonstrating human behavior between determinism and free will within a chaotic system, handling the life of its main character, Victor, who live in chaos as a consequence of his damaging childhood and his struggle scrutinizing his behavior to get order back. He advocates for anarchy and destruction as a means of personal liberation, whose violent and antisocial behavior challenges the boundaries of morality. This novel serves as catalysts for chaos and reordering the disorder. To attain this aim, the study adapts chaos theory as an approach of analyzing this topic in Choke. At the end when he reached the maximum of chaos, he gets the balance between order and chaos liberating himself from his self-destructive thoughts. He owns eventually a free will to change his destiny and find out new paths of happiness and self-organization

Abstract Over the years, academics from all over the world have discovered that learning a language can face several challenges and limitations that typically lead to more serious issues. It has been revealed that for certain language learners, acquiring a second language can be traumatizing. One of the things that started this experience is feeling worried, tense, and apprehensive, especially when talking to people. It is the opinion of many researchers in all areas of language education and learning that using code-switching in foreign language classrooms promotes learning. Nevertheless a significant amount of evidence suggests that this impairs learning and prevents students of exposure to the second language. This study discusses teachers and students’ views regarding the practice of code switching in English as foreign language (EFL) classrooms at university level. It also discusses the role of code-switching to students’ first language (Kurdish). In order to reach a valid and reliable data, two data collection methods are chosen. Data is collected through a close-ended questionnaire to students and a semi-structured interview for university level language teachers’ views concerning code-switching. This study is conducted in Kurdistan, from the universities of Sulaimani, Halabja and Charmo. ‘112’ EFL learners are asked to give their responses to a 16-item questionnaire focused on the effects of code-switching applied in the EFL classroom. The interviewees are all Kurdish native speakers who teach English language at university level. The interview data is selectively extracted from the viewpoints of the instructors. The findings generally revealed that code-switching is employed by students in various circumstances because of their limited competence in the target language. In addition, the experienced instructors argued that code-switching can be used in specific restricted situations.

Abstract The paper argues that code mixing which is a key concept of sociolinguistics is highly implemented in contemporary Arab-American poetry as a mechanism of representing identity. It focuses on the innovative use of original codes within the dominant one and examining the poetic expressions that produce mixing in the poetry of contemporary poets with dual identities namely, Suhier Hammad, Safia Elhillo, and Ziad Shlah. This qualitative paper uses textual and analytical methods and is based on concepts such as heteroglossia and hybrid identity. It tackles identity through analysis of selected poems in the collections entitled as Breaking Poems (2008), The January Children (2022) and Taqsim (2006). It contends that, despite the diverse backgrounds and poetic styles such as rap, narrative, and metaphor besides, the poets achieve the similar target which is the negotiation of identities in order to accept the difference and integration with other cultures.

Abstract This paper aims to examine the concept of “death” in William Shakespeare's Macbeth and Arthur Miller's The Crucible in an analytical method as these two plays are filled with murder, executions, and assassinations. These plays show the subject of death in classical and modern drama by the two famous playwrights. The paper is divided into two parts: the first part tackles Shakespeare's Macbeth in (1606) and how the idea of death occupies a great place as the hero falls dead in the end. The second discusses Miller's The Crucible and the tragic events that put to death many people, fearing to spread the thoughts of communists in America. It also reveals people who are hung, crushed, and stifled by society powers, which filled its citizens' minds with certain myths, witchcraft and superstitions that may be against ethics and honor. The concept of “death” will be analyzed in two methods, the first one is a symbolic, spiritual, method while the second is a physical method. These two methods will examine the main characters. The death is the main feature that includes the heroes of selected plays to achieve nobility and perception. Consequently, this paper attempts to show how the dramatists succeed in providing a moral and human lesson to readers around the world, as well as changing this terrible truth of murder into something highly meaningful that it is a step towards the eternal life.

Abstract Participation in English language-oriented extracurricular activities outside the classroom results in the development and progress in EFL students’ language skills development the writing skill and written performances in particular. The current study investigates the roles and effects of extracurricular activities in enhancing the writing skill and written performances of Kurdish EFL university students. The design of this research is experimental as the study has been conducted at Charmo University which is one of the public Universities in Kurdistan region of Iraq. The participants are 50 Kurdish EFL university students who studied fourth semester in English language department during 2022 and 2023 academic years. They are randomly divided into two groups a control group with 25 students and an experimental group with 25 students as well. The data collection instruments were writing tests included a writing pretest and a writing posttest. A writing pretest was administrated to both of the groups at the beginning of the semester at the same date and time before starting intervention treatment which the treatment here means engaging in the activities by the experimental group of students. After the pretest directly the intervention started as the intervention duration lasted for ten weeks. Then after ten weeks of intervention a writing posttest was administrated to both of groups at the same date and time. The Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS 26) was used to perform all data analysis of the numerical results of the writing tests. The results of the statistical analysis of ANCOVA for the scores of both of the writing tests revealed significant different result between both of groups. The results disclosed students of the experimental group has achieved significant progress in their writing skill in terms of the written performance in comparison to the control group results due to the effect of the intervention which is here meant participation and engaging various English language-oriented extracurricular activities outside the classroom by the students of the experimental group .

Abstract

The paper examines the learning of syntactic dependency gaps in English by Arab learners. It focuses on students in particular at the University of Duhok. The model adopted in this study is represented by adopting a mixed-methods research model; it uses qualitative research and quantitative research methods. Appropriately, a mixed-methods research model is used in the research of a phenomenon to ensure its effective exploration from varied dimensions and, in return, to be analyzed and understood from a more significant perspective. The quantitative part represents the the syntactic judgment tests and gap-filling exercises through the measures and numerical data on the appropriateness of recognizing and using syntactic gaps; the qualitative aspect is represented through structured interviews that provide insight into the personal experience and cognitive strategies as well as learners' perception that quantitative measures can fail to show. This study can be termed a mixed-method research design in that the study combined both syntactic judgment tests, gap-filling exercises, and structured interviews to establish the strategies learners use and the obstacles they face in mastering English syntactic structures. Our analysis turned up a significant influence by the native language on the capability of the learners to recognize and use gaps in English syntax. We also found that this capability is impacted by proficiency levels. The study provides plenty of evidence for the utmost significance of tailored teaching techniques, based on the specific linguistic backgrounds of Arab learners, through the interconnection of both quantitative data from the tests and qualitative insights from the interviews. This does not only add to the general conversation on L2 acquisition but also gives more concrete pedagogical insights on the importance of improvement in proficiency level and individualized instructional intervention in growing into the acquisition of the syntactic gap for Arab learners of English.

Abstract The present study is an extract from an MA thesis that focuses on the challenges that pre-service teachers in the department of English face during their senior year practicum program. The aim of the study is to find out the perspective of pre-service teachers when it comes to the different factors that make the practicum program challenging. A questionnaire was prepared to obtain data from (107) students from three different universities in the Kurdistan Region. The quantitative data collected revealed that most of the pre-service teachers believe that the practicum program is too short to give them real teaching experience and that they do not have time to reflect on their own teaching. Some other challenges observed during the study are related to the school administrators, the school teachers, and the students’ supervisor.

Abstract This paper presents the intricate issues and strategies related to the translation of children's books, and it particularly focuses on the comparative analysis of "The Tale of Peter Rabbit" by Beatrix Potter and "Le Petit Prince" (The Little Prince) by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. The study finds that the typical problems in translation are, idiomatic expressions, cultural reference, and the voice preservation, along side-sheet-specific challenges which each of the text faces. The translator of Potter's work should have skills of transposing all culturally oriented peculiarities of the UK land to the international audience to keep it accessible. On the contrary, "Le Petit Prince" translation will be the process of capturing the abstract philosophical themes in the simple yet profound language. It is also stressed that the role of the translation as a cultural mediator similarly requires the use of innovative techniques adapted to indigenous culture. Among the next steps for research is the extension of comparative studies to the text of diverse cultures and an inclusion of interdisciplinary approaches, incorporation of technological support and finally an empirically study of the impact of texts. This study is also the fuel for the development of the understanding of translating children's literature and to make these stories more accessible and educational throughout the whole world.

Abstract This paper utilizes a critical discourse analysis approach to examine the role of Western media coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It uses an analytical method to investigate the influence of Western media in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The study aims to analyze the biased role of Western media in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, focusing on how its coverage disproportionately highlights specific aspects like the killing of Palestinian civilians, leading to perceptions of partiality and skewed narratives. The study is achieved using Van Dijk\'s notion of \"ideological square\", categorized by Us vs. their dichotomies using qualitative and quantitative procedures. The analyzed texts are chosen from various YouTube channels, such as Now This Impact and Middle East Eye and analyzed ideologically and linguistically. The present study debates that Western media plays a major role in constructing and perpetuating biased reporting and framing pro-Israeli sympathy and attitude. It is hoped that this research will illuminate on the intricacies and biases of Western media reporting of the Israeli-Palestinian ongoing conflict, with a particular focus on the latest war in Gaza. This research shows that Palestinian representations in Western newspapers are unequivocally negative, often depicting them explicitly or implicitly as combatants, suicide bombers, Islamic militants, and terrorists, underscoring a perceived threat in contrast to Israelis. The findings demonstrate that newspapers shared comparable perspectives on Palestinians and employ nearly identical terminology to characterize them. Also, Western media is biased towards the Israeli side, depicting the Palestinian struggle as aggression while the Israeli attacks as defense and reaction

Abstract The objective of this study is to examine the integration of instructional design in an e-learning setting at the University of Baghdad, specifically within the College of Education for Women. Additionally, this paper presents a model constructed based on the survey findings of the research. This model can be utilised by educators and instructional designers to strategize, develop, evaluate, and enhance their university e-Learning settings. The research sample consists of (73 females) from the third stage of the "English Department/Baghdad University/ college of education for woman". To gather knowledge from students about the role of instructional design and e-Learning behavior, the study used a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire explores five elements: "web-based learning combined with face-to-face learning", "instructional design of course content", "interaction", "instructional design of user interface", and "students' involvement". The findings show that students' positive attitudes towards integrating e-learning in instructional design are crucial for developing impactful, interactive, and inclusive learning experiences that address the diverse requirements of learners in different educational contexts, ranging from corporate training programmes to academic e-learning courses.

Abstract Self-Regulated Strategy of Development (SRSD) is an intervention designed to improve students' academic skills through a six-step process that teaches students specific academic strategies and self-regulation skills (mention them here). When it comes to writing, self-regulation allows students to manage tasks and monitor progress (also called self-monitoring), among other key skills. There are many ways to use strategy instruction to help students improve their writing skills in English.

Abstract Inspirational autobiographical success stories of technology refer to personal narratives that typically involve individuals who overcame challenges to achieve significant accomplishments in the tech industry. These narratives often highlight personal growth, resilience, and the impact of innovation on their lives, serving as sources of inspiration and motivation for others who may be facing similar obstacles. However, there are many implicit linguistic strategies used in such stories to inspire the readers. The study aims to delve into verb choices, attitudes, and narrative processes within the story, seeking to unveil underlying structures, patterns, and characteristics in each category. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that attitude and transitivity can be investigated in the light of the Labovian structure, and that positive attitude and emotional verb process are the most prevailing in this story. This paper adopts a mixed approach, blending qualitative and quantitative methods by adopting three models of analysis. Drawing upon the narrative analysis model by Labov and Waletzkys (1997), this paper explores the overarching structure of the technology story "love and lose" (2020) by Steve Jobs, including key components such as abstract, orientation, complicating action, evaluation, and resolution. In addition to narrative analysis, this paper incorporates the appraisal theory developed by Martin and White (2005), which focuses on the linguistic choices used to express attitudes, emotions, and evaluations within the narrative. Furthermore, Halliday's transitivity theory (2004) is utilized to explore the linguistic representation by analyzing the transitivity patterns, such as material, mental, and relational processes. The story unfolds as a captivating, authentic narrative with a well-balanced structure, presenting nuanced attitudes that underscore the transformative power in combating technology. The analysis emphasizes a positive and proactive stance, contributing to the overarching goal of inspiring hope and fostering understanding.

Abstract The paper examines the learning of syntactic dependency gaps in English by Arab learners. It focuses on students in particular at the University of Duhok. The model adopted in this study is represented by adopting a mixed-methods research model; it uses qualitative research and quantitative research methods. Appropriately, a mixed-methods research model is used in the research of a phenomenon to ensure its effective exploration from varied dimensions and, in return, to be analyzed and understood from a more significant perspective. The quantitative part represents the the syntactic judgment tests and gap-filling exercises through the measures and numerical data on the appropriateness of recognizing and using syntactic gaps; the qualitative aspect is represented through structured interviews that provide insight into the personal experience and cognitive strategies as well as learners' perception that quantitative measures can fail to show. This study can be termed a mixed-method research design in that the study combined both syntactic judgment tests, gap-filling exercises, and structured interviews to establish the strategies learners use and the obstacles they face in mastering English syntactic structures. Our analysis turned up a significant influence by the native language on the capability of the learners to recognize and use gaps in English syntax. We also found that this capability is impacted by proficiency levels. The study provides plenty of evidence for the utmost significance of tailored teaching techniques, based on the specific linguistic backgrounds of Arab learners, through the interconnection of both quantitative data from the tests and qualitative insights from the interviews. This does not only add to the general conversation on L2 acquisition but also gives more concrete pedagogical insights on the importance of improvement in proficiency level and individualized instructional intervention in growing into the acquisition of the syntactic gap for Arab learners of English.