Journal of Language Studies

Abstract This research aims to shed light on Ibn al-Muqaffa's book (d. 142 AH) "Al-Adab al-Kabir and Al-Adab al-Saghir" for several critical reasons that highlight its significance and tempt study. This work is considered one of the creative models that carry unique artistic values, demonstrating the author's ability to depict his personal inclinations and emotional turmoil in response to his surroundings, particularly concerning human behavior in society and his relationship with those in power. To achieve this aim, we have examined the human psyche according to the language presented in these texts as expressions of the author's self and the emotions and thoughts that stimulate his creative activity. This activity manifests as a result of embodying his concerns and sufferings in a realistic translation stemming from continuous psychological moments. The importance of this research lies in uncovering Ibn al-Muqaffa's active role in exploring the human psyche and the expressive mechanisms he employed to achieve the influential message of literature. This is reflected in the connection between literature—as a means of educating and refining the self—and reality Keywords: Ibn al-Muqaffa The talk Psyche Saying Exploring the Human Psyche in the Literature of Ibn al-Muqaffa': An Analytical Model Based on "Al-Adab al-Kabir" and "Al-Adab al-Saghir

Abstract The concept of (paradox) refers to the rhetorical style in which the hidden meaning is in clear contradiction with the apparent meaning. Paradox often requires deep contemplation and insight to reach the contradiction and reveal the implications of the conflict between the apparent meaning and the hidden meaning immersed in the depths of the text and its distant spaces. Irony has an important function in literature in general and poetry in particular. In poetry, it goes beyond hidden gestures and attention-grabbing. Rather, it extends to creating semantic tension in the poem through contrast in things, which may not only come through strange and exciting words in the context, but rather through creating... The brilliant possibilities of employing the vocabulary of ordinary and everyday language within poetic discourse, and this is clearly evident in the poetry of Fadl Khalaf Jabr in the collection For the Shine of Gold, which I chose as a model for the study, as the collection is filled with poetic paradoxes, the exchange of meaning, and its opposition between the folds of one line and one poem, and paradox is the basic theme upon which it relied. The texts of the Diwan have to produce their general significance, and the distinguishing mark that you notice when you read the Diwan, which points you to the areas of beauty in his poetry and his use of irony in pulling the reader and attracting him to the area of interest and not leaving without a result from the poetic verses that he reads, and the areas of beauty in which the poet used irony are many. In the Diwan, I tried to touch its edges and chart the way for those who come after me, trying to explore the depths of the Diwan and delve into its aesthetics. Keywords: paradox ، meaning ، Text ، receiver ، Contrast ، Poetry ،

Abstract The topic of textual overlap has been mentioned in ancient Arabic poetry, but in a different sense: the overlap of texts Poetics among poets indicates the extent of their influence or attachment to the text or the creator. There are many forms and types of textual overlap in poetry, and the textual overlap shows the fusion of the creator’s personality in the creativity he presents. The intertextuality of the poets with Al-A’sha is evidence of the creativity of this pre-Islamic poet in its influence on the recipient, and evidence of the culture of the poets. Those who intersected with him in the same word, whether the intertextuality was moral or formal, and also evidence of their familiarity with the heritage and their linguistic familiarity. The poet, in his dealings with intertextuality, starts from his subconscious mind, in which multiple ancient and modern texts, apparent or hidden, have gathered, and a new creative text emerges. Keywords: textual overlap, intentionality, ancient Arabic poetry, walking slowly

Abstract Humans have long recognized the distinctive role of place and its relationship to their existence. Place has become one of the most influential factors in their lives, playing a fundamental role and leaving its impact. It is one of the key elements toward which humans direct their emotions, whether feelings of familiarity or hostility. These emotions are influenced by the intellectual and psychological state a person experiences. Additionally, the attitude towards a place stems from its value and the emotions and feelings it evokes in the consciousness of poets, who are among the most sensitive to their surrounding environment. The poet's attitude towards place provides a comprehensive view of their feelings and emotions towards that place. The poet uses poetry as a vessel to pour out these feelings and emotions generated by the place, to the extent that the place itself becomes central. The poet's attitudes towards place have varied, and this variation is a result of their perspective on the place and the nature of their relationship with it. This perspective can be positive, manifesting as familiarity with the place, or negative, manifesting as hostility or a sense of alienation towards it. All these attitudes and perspectives clearly define the poet's stance towards place. Keywords: hostile space, prison, exile, psychological connotations, technique of flashback

Abstract This study sheds lights on the role of translators in international relations . It aims to study the translation strategies used in translating the diplomatic texts , to identify the difficulties faced by translators in translating the texts in the diplomatic field . It hypothesizes that the translators have a limit knowledge of such terms used in diplomatic context . In the present study , four samples contained diplomatic terms were taken and rendered by translators adopted Vinay and Darblent strategies (1995) of direct translation and oblique translation to know how the meaning is conveyed from the source text into the target text. Key words: - diplomatic field, international relations, oblique translation, united nations

Abstract Conceptual Metaphor Theory represents the output of a cognitive process by which readers can understand one domain in terms of another. This study aims to investigate the use of drink proverbs in English from a cognitive point of view and investigate the role of metaphor in communication as an unconscious process in everyday life. Also, it aims to identify metaphor as a systematic process that does not occur randomly. It is considered as a problematic task for learners to understand, interpret, and render the exact conceptual meaning of English proverbs. The procedures of this study are as follows: Presenting a theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics and adopting the model of the conceptual metaphor theory which is Lakoff and Johnson's “Metaphor We Live by” (2003) to analyze proverbs of drink in English. Another two models are used to support the first one which are Newman's (1997) “Eating and Drinking as a Source of Metaphor in English” and Quirk et al (1985) “A Comprehensives Grammar of the English Language”. The study hypothesizes that the source and target domains in conceptual metaphors have a crucial role in understanding the meaning of drink proverbs in English. Concerning the levels of analysis, the present study deals with the semantic and grammatical levels. The data are collected from dictionaries that are associated with drink proverbs. Six samples are chosen for the analysis. In each sample, more than five items have been analyzed metaphorically and grammatically. The present study concluded that conceptual metaphors do not occur randomly and they are unconscious processes through conversations. Keywords: Cognitive Linguistics, Metaphor, English proverb.

Abstract The current study investigates how private schools target native and non-native English speakers through YouTube advertisements using a multi-modal discourse analysis approach. The study examines persuasive strategies, how ads appeal to viewers, and influence decision making in native and non-native private school ads. Native school ads may emphasize communicating in English, prestige of private school, and high academic standards. Non-native ads may emphasize diversity of students and resources for learners.Native school ads may use formal, dramatic language while non-native ads use inclusive, accessible language. Ads reflect assumptions about language, education, values and status - native schools emphasize fluency, non-native emphasize inclusive learning. Ads use humor and emotion differently - native ads use culture-specific humor while non-native appeals to shared values like diversity. The study analyzed ads using models from Kress and van Leeuwen(2006), and Halliday(1979) then draw conclusions that verify the hypothesis. Both ad types aim to present a nurturing school but native ads use clearer language while non-native use aspirational, indirect language. Native ads value honesty, respect, collaboration while non-native value inclusiveness, diversity, cultural diversity. The study concludes that ads have similar visual, textual strategies but values and language use varies based on native or non-native audience. Key Words: Advertisements, Cohesion, Meta-functions and Persuasive Strategies

Abstract It is known that political speeches are important as a communicative tool for politicians to maintain the power, which is essential to express political opinions and views as well as ideologies, though not always explicitly. Ideology is regarded as one of the primary objectives of text analysis in linguistic studies, particularly critical discourse analysis(henceforth CDA) , which consists of shared values, beliefs and attitudes within a group .In this way, discourse reflects the values of these ideological held by those groups who create it. The present study focuses on investigating the discursive ideological strategies of the self/other in Bush’s speech after September 11 attacks based on Van Dijk's (2006) model of ideological square. The data are collected qualitatively and a mixed method is used to analyze the results of this study. The major findings show that Bush used more ideological strategies to represent the image of “US” (selves) positively, than the image of “THEM” (others) negatively. In particular, the lexicalization is the most common strategy used by Bush’s speech, which showed that Bush emphasized on reflecting that Americans are (good, innocent, peaceful, victims, targeted, respectful, strong, great, powerful and sympathetic), while Arabs, particularly Muslims are (bad, terrorists, evil, violent, peace- haters, spiteful, murderers, vengeful, dangerous, destructive, violence and enemy). It is hoped that this study can improve the understanding of EFL learners about the importance of clarifying the hidden ideologies in politician’s speech and all kinds of discourse. Keywords: Discourse ,Critical ,Terrorism and political speech.

Abstract The study focuses on problems encountered by translation students when translating English compound-complex sentences into Arabic. It explores their structure, their components, and the appropriate way of translating them with the preservation of the same structure and meaning into the TL. The study hypothesizes: 1) compound-complex sentences can be found in English and Arabic. 2) Such structures are problematic for students when translating them into Arabic. 3) Vinay& Darbelnet’s translational model is applicable in translating compound - complex sentences. The study presents a comprehensive theoretical explanation on compound-complex sentences in both English and Arabic. Then, (3) English compound-complex sentences have been selected from different English grammar books and handed over to (20) undergraduate 4th stage students at the Department of Translation_ College of Arts_ University of Mosul, to handle the task of translating these sentences into Arabic. Their translations were analyzed syntactically and semantically by adopting Vinay& Darbelnet’s translational model(1958/1995) as well as Catford’s classification of translation-shifts (1965); in order to detect the difficulties and problems encountered in translating the sentences; thus, it’s a qualitative study. The study concludes that:1) compound-complex sentences are found in English and Arabic, 2) such sentences are problematic for students when translating them into Arabic either by the difficulty of identifying their parts, making unnecessary shifts, or adopting inappropriate strategy during the translational process that affect their translation accuracy, syntactically and semantically. 3) Vinay& Darbelent’s translational model is applicable to translating compound-complex sentences by adopting literal translation procedure within direct translation strategy. Based on that, the study is classified as a descriptive one. Keywords: Compound-Complex sentences, Coordinators, Dependent Clauses, Independent Clauses, Subordinators, Translation, Vinay& Darbelnet’s Model of Translation

Abstract The present study tackles the translation of direct speech forms in Bronte’s novel "Wuthering Heights" into Arabic. The significance of this study stems from the fact that English direct speech forms in literary texts might pose substantial challenges when translated into Arabic due to their semantic connotations and structural peculiarities. The study aims at assessing the translation of English direct speech forms in "Wuthering Heights" novel into Arabic. It also aims at investigating the problems that may arise during the translation of direct speech forms in this novel into Arabic. Wuthering Heights is Emily Bronte’s unique novel. It is a story of love and revenge, this exciting and vivid novel depicts a deep and devastating love between its two main characters, the stubborn, charming Catherine and the handsome, dark-skinned, impulsive Heathcliff, both of whom are as wild as the Yorkshire moors where the novel takes place The study hypothesizes that translating direct speech in literary texts poses serious difficulties for the translators. To test the validity of the hypothesis, the study includes a practical chapter which tackles the translation of (25) excerpts that have been chosen from Wuthering Heights novel along with four Arabic translation versions. The Arabic renderings are those of the Arabic Cultural Centre (2016), Rifaat Naseem (1975), Helmi Murad (2003) and Hanna Saeed (2021). The analysis is implemented according to the model proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) which tackles the different kinds of translation approaches and strategies available for the translator when handling the task of translating various kinds of texts. The study concludes that novice and unskilled translators might encounter serious difficulties and challenges in translating direct speech expressions due to the multiple meanings and connotations inherent in such expressions. It also concludes that context plays a vital role in defining the most appropriate rendering for the SL text. Keywords: context, direct speech, reporting verbs, translation, literary translation, adaptation.

Abstract The study focuses on exploring the difficulties faced the translators during the translation of hyperboles in Arabic literary text caused by the ambiguity in the source text. The study aims to look for the strategies mostly used by M.A graduates in translating hyperboles from Arabic literary text into English, as well as surveying the samples being given to the M.A graduates to look for the reason of ambiguity in translating them. To fulfill the aims of this research, the study hypothesizes that the use of communicative or literal translation will convey the meaning from into TLT accurately and clearly, or using the Vinay and Darbelenet translation strategies will produce the same effect of SLT on TLT and whether the hyperbole in Arabic literary text is translatable despite the social, stylistic or structural differences in literary text. To prove the hypotheses, the procedures start with the researcher collecting 10 samples and giving them to 10 M.A graduates for the 2022-2023 academic year, followed by analyzing the samples according to the Vinay and Darbelenet translation model, the samples were chosen from the poem collection of Badr Shakir Al-Sayyab “Rain Song””انشودة المطر”, specifically from the two poems “قافلة الضياع” and “غريب على الخليج”, and given to be translated into English by the M.A graduates, then discussing the results of the collected data. The study concludes that the translation of hyperboles from Arabic literary texts into English text can be challenging due to the different ways they are used, additionally hyperboles can have multiple interpretations which is the result of the context they are used in, as well as that hyperboles in Arabic literary text are also affected by the difference in culture and social background and other factors. Key Words: Difficulties, Hyperboles, Translation

Abstract Greeting expressions represent an important part of conversation and are considered a fundamental element in the Arabic culture. Arabic language has more various and colorful greeting expressions with a culture-specific nature than other languages. However, dealing with the translation of such expressions, especially the Iraqi Arabic informal ones, poses a significant problem for translators, complicating the task of translating these expressions accurately and appropriately. Therefore, this study aims to identify the problems translators face when translating informal Iraqi Arabic greetings into English. To achieve this aim, a total of (4) informal greeting expressions collected from the Iraqi Arabic community were used as a sample of the study. These expressions were distributed to (5) MA candidates, from the Department of Translation, College of Arts, University of Tikrit, representing the subjects of the study to translate them into English. As for the data analysis, the study employed Vinay and Darbelnet's (1995) direct and oblique strategies of translation. The results showed that the study subjects face numerous problems in translating greeting expressions, mainly due to the lack of understanding the cultural contexts in which these expressions are used, in addition to the difficulty of finding a one-word equivalent to the informal greeting expressions under study. Keywords: cultural context, informal greeting expressions, Iraqi community, problems, translation methods

Abstract David Gemmell\'s historical fantasy novels, particularly those centered around the Trojan War and Alexander of Macedonia, masterfully intertwine historical authenticity with imaginative elements, creating narratives that both entertain and offer fresh perspectives on well-known historical events. This study delves into Gemmell\'s unique approach to historical fantasy, analyzing how he reimagines legendary episodes such as the siege of Troy and the life of Alexander the Great. Through a detailed examination of Gemmell\'s works, including The Lion of Macedon and the Troy trilogy, this research highlights his ability to blend historical accuracy with mythological creativity. The analysis reveals that Gemmell\'s characters, rooted in history yet enhanced by fantastical traits, resonate deeply with modern readers by addressing timeless themes such as heroism, fate, and the human condition. The study finds that Gemmell\'s integration of historical figures with mythological elements not only enriches the narrative complexity of his works but also engages readers in a more profound exploration of the ethical and philosophical dimensions of history. His portrayal of characters like Alexander and the heroes of Troy balances their legendary status with human vulnerabilities, making them relatable and compelling to a contemporary audience. Additionally, the research uncovers that Gemmell\'s approach to historical fantasy significantly influences the reader\'s perception of historical events, offering an alternative lens through which to understand and appreciate the past. Keywords: historical fantasy, David Gemmell, Trojan War, Alexander of Macedonia, mythological reinterpretation, narrative techniques, historical authenticity.

Abstract The Question Answer Relationship strategy is useful for teaching pupils how to understand and reply of several forms of the questions. Understanding that some questions have “Right There” solutions in the text, that others require the reader to “Think and Search,” and that others can only be answered “On My Own” helps pupils recognize the importance of thinking about the topic before finding the answer. The aims of the current study are finding out the effect of Question Answer Relationship strategy on Iraqi EFL intermediate pupil’s achievement and finding out the effect of Question Answer Relationship strategy on developing Iraqi EFL intermediate pupil’s reading comprehension. The aims of the study are supposed to be achieved through verifying the following hypothesis: There are no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group which is taught by question answer relationship strategy and the control group who is taught by prescribed method in pupil’s post achievement test . The second hypothesis states that there is no statistical significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group in pre and post reading comprehension test. The sample of the current study consists of (60) pupils from the second grade at Karam AL Rahman Intermediate School for Boys is chosen at random to be the sample of the study. The sample is split into two groups: one for the experiment and the other is for the control. Both groups are similar in terms of their age, parent’s educational level and previous year’s English language scores. The experiment lasted for ten weeks ,the researcher taught the two groups during the academic year 2022-2023. To analyze the obtained data, different statistical means have been used T-test, Weighted mean to measure the pupils’ achievement. After the statistically treatment of the data. Key words : the effect, Questions Answer Relationship strategy, Iraqi EFL Intermediate School pupils , Reading Comprehension .

Abstract The representation of masculinity is a prevalent theme in literary studies that critique Orientalist discourse within Western literature. This exploration often highlights the dichotomy inherent in the portrayal of masculinity, contrasting the representations of Western and Eastern men in Orientalist texts. In her article \"Re-Orientalism: The Perpetration and Development of Orientalism by Orientals,\" Lisa Lau (2009) introduces the concepts of \'re-Orientalism\' and \'self-Orientalism,\' arguing that Orientalist depictions are not only perpetuated in Western narratives but are also internalized within Eastern literary productions. Lau posits that writers from Eastern backgrounds frequently do not wholly reject these Orientalist narratives; instead, they engage with and occasionally affirm them, thereby reinforcing a binary opposition between the East and West in their works. Despite the relevance of this theory, the contributions of Anglophone Arab authors, such as Fadia Faqir, have not been thoroughly analyzed through the lens of Self-Orientalism. Consequently, this study seeks to investigate the representation of masculinity in Faqir\'s The Cry of the Dove (2007) within the framework of Self-Orientalism, with a focus on determining whether Faqir challenges or internalizes Orientalist stereotypes. This theoretical perspective suggests that Anglophone authors tend to internalize Orientalist stereotypes, constructing a dichotomy that attributes negative characteristics to Eastern individuals while ascribing positive traits to their Western counterparts. Through a detailed examination of male characters in the novel, this study reveals that Faqir internalizes these Orientalist representations, thereby establishing a contrasting portrayal of masculinity: Arab and Muslim men are depicted as lustful, cruel, and hypocritical, in stark contrast to their Western counterparts, who are characterized as respectful, tender, and virtuous. Keywords: Fadia Faqir, self-Orientalism, representation, the dichotomy within masculinity

Abstract This study presents a pragmatic approach focusing on the meaning of speech and knowledge regarding the undergraduate students\' understanding and utilization of speech act ‘request’ within the Department of English Language at the College of Arts. Quantitative approach has been employed to analyze request strategies by using an open-ended questionnaire comprising sixteen diverse scenarios to gather data on various request speech acts. The study investigates the effectiveness of instructional interventions in developing students\' proficiency in this speech act. The findings from the pre-tests revealed that students exhibited comparable performance across all three strategies: direct requests, conventionally indirect requests, and non-conventionally indirect requests have been assessed in terms of both awareness and production levels. Despite the initial similarity in performance among learners, substantial improvements have been observed after the instructional phase. Specifically, individuals within the experimental group demonstrated notable enhancements in their awareness and production of requests, coupled with a decreased reliance on direct request strategies. These findings underscore the potential for pragmatics instruction rich in input to enhance learners\' identification and utilization of suitable pragmatic elements within diverse social contexts. Overall, the study highlights the importance of pragmatic education in foreign language learning, suggesting its efficacy in fostering learners\' pragmatic competence. Key Words: EFL, request strategies, pragmatic competence, speech act.

Abstract This study explores the theory of Ecofeminism ,which elucidates how capitalism and patriarchal society treat women and nature. Moreover, it studies the effects of gender categories to show how social norms unfairly control women and the environment. This study explores how Tess Onwueme's Then She Said it dramatizes the combined tyranny of nature and women. It emphasizes the devastation caused by oil firms colluding with local authorities to exploit both. The playwright examines the historical oppression of Delta women and the environmental damage they endure, using dramatic visuals and dialogue to illustrate the harsh realities of pollution and poverty. This study examines the contradiction between the prosperity of oil companies and the poverty of people in the regions where these companies operate. Furthermore, it highlights the parallels between women’s experiences and nature in terms of pain and resistance, emphasizing how both have become sources of strength for change. This offers new perspectives on societal evolution. It is an open critique of the capitalist system and patriarchy, which convert women's bodies and natural resources into commodities for profit. Keywords: capitalist, commodity, ecofeminism, nature, patriarchy pollution, women

Abstract This research focuses on the use of visual aids and its effect on stimulating the creative thinking and how it can be used to achieve the progress in language teaching process . Visual aids are those devises that can be used to make the learning process more interesting and helpful , the use of visual aids has a big impact on creativity , thinking in more an easier way and facilitating teaching in all aspects . Visual aids are dominant tools that can be used to support instructors in teaching foreign language and also used to motivate students to engage with particular topics of the lecture . The sample was composed of sixty students that were arbitrarily chosen from first-year morning studies at the College of Dentistry / Tikrit University for the academic year (2023-2024) . Pre and Post-tests have been applied . The data has been composed and statistical results were obtained . The attained outcomes seem acceptable . Key word: Visual aids , language teaching .

Abstract This paper investigates Tom Clancy's Debt of Honor through the framework of Nicholas Rescher's theory of predication. This philosophical approach examines how language connects concepts with the objects they describe. As Rescher posits, prediction is a crucial mechanism for understanding and organizing our perceptions of the world, enabling effective communication by linking abstract ideas to concrete entities. The objective of this study is to demystify Rescher's theory, presenting it clearly and understandably while highlighting its importance in both theoretical discussions and practical applications. The research begins by outlining the fundamental tenets of Rescher's theory, including how predication operates within everyday language and thought processes. It then applies these principles to the narrative and thematic structures within Debt of Honor, illustrating how the novel's depiction of complex socio-political scenarios can be better understood through the lens of prediction. The study explores the broader implications of Rescher's theory. The paper argues that a deeper understanding of predication can enhance clarity and precision in both philosophical discourse and real-world communication. Keywords: Science Fiction, predication, forecasting, Tom Clancy, Debt of Honor

Abstract The present study deals with Foucault’s theory of Power Relations in Prison Literature. It focuses on Heba Al-Dabbagh's Just Five Minutes: Nine Years in the Prisons of Syria. The study argues that examining Power Relations in this novel shows how prison narratives can reflect and challenge hierarchies, authority, and resistance in such environments. It also seeks to show how Al-Dabbagh represents the effect of power relation on prisoners and the prison guards in her novel by relying heavily upon the theoretical framework of Power Relation by Michael Foucault. Using a Foucauldian perspective, this research emphasizes how the Syrian regime's exertion of power was based on establishing an atmosphere of fear, in which the individual is reduced to a passive subject of the state. Keywords: authority, Power Relation, prison, resistance, Foucault, Al-Dabbagh's Just Five Minutes

Abstract The rapid advancement of medical technology has introduced new ethical quandaries that are increasingly explored within medical fiction. To explore these ethical misconducts and implications of technology misuse, the study selects the medical novel Rebecca Skloot\'s The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. This study uses the Neutralization Theory of Sykes and Matza to examine the moral arguments and ethical conundrums raised in Rebecca Skloot\'s The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. In that, the novel investigates how authors use the medium of fiction to not only highlight the profound ethical questions surrounding the development and application of new technologies but also to expose the fragility of the systems and individuals tasked with wielding such power. This selected medical narrative serves as cautionary tales that force readers to confront the moral and philosophical implications of technological progress in the medical field, calling doctors to consider the delicate balance between scientific advancement and preserving human dignity, autonomy, and the sanctity of life. Keywords: Ethical Dilemma, Medical Fiction, Rebecca Skloot\'s The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Neutralization Theory.

Abstract The present paper deals with one of the top three most notable tragedies in American history is considered to be “Death of a Salesman”. It premiered in 1949, vividly demonstrating an instinctive insight into society. Arthur Miller, the playwright, emphasized that the play should reflect not just the psychological and subjective world of the characters but also the actual, complex social reality. It has effectively captured the pathos of a typical American salesman. The study aim to shed light on Loman's private drama by examining it through the lens of societal issues, thereby illuminating the play's economic context and inner history. This method is timely because it addresses the central contradictions and inequalities that sustain and deepen under capitalism. The study seeks to enrich our understanding of the dangerous impact of the capitalist system on the working class and how it affects them and makes them alienated. This study depends on the original play script rather than others' ideas and recognizes the fusion of Marxism's effect on the play through closely reading the text. The findings that reached after studying Miller’s play is that the materialistic world can be seen as the dominating one and its negative impact mentally and physically on the Lomans. Keywords: Alienation, Capitalism, Marxism, Death of Salesman, Working Class , Arther Miller

Abstract With the rapid increase in international matches, such as the Olympic Games, World Cup by FIFA, Arab or Gulf Cup events the demand for interpreting becomes very necessary, as through this activity players can connect with viewers around the world, this is on the one hand, and on the other, through which they can instantly obtain their instructions. After the war in 2003, the participation of Iraqi athletes in international competitions and the recruitment of foreign coaches flourish. This new situation urges policy designers to strategically plan to offer qualified interpreters to ensure ideal communication between the players and their coaches and between them and the international audience. The status quo, however, is very frustrating: the number of Iraqi qualified interpreters can relatively be visible (for the ordinary observers) as there are no specialized academic or non-academic institutions that offer the requirements. This lack has opened the door for non-professional interpreters to carry the task leading not only to fragmented communication but also to deform the perception of this profession. This study sheds light on this particular area. It solely adopts the participant-oriented method offered by Saldanha and O’brein (2013). The research instrument is a carefully-designed questionnaire which is presented to a sample of thirty professional interpreters. The study findings emphasize that the status quo of sports interpreting in Iraq is discouraging because of some obstacles, such as the absence of specialized interpreting training facilities and monitoring institutions. Keywords: sports interpreting, national and international interpreters, academic and non-academic training institutions and agencies

Abstract This study investigates and describes the subtitling strategies used in subtitling Jordanian culture-bound expressions in the Jordanian Movie The Alley. In addition, it examines whether the subtitling was Source text oriented or target text oriented, i.e. if the subtitler sacrificed the cultural meanings at the expense of conveying the message to the target audience. The study relied on subtitling strategies of culture-bound expressions suggested by Baker (1992). The sample of the study consisted of 120 authentic examples that are extracted from the movie, only 26 examples were used to avoid repetition. The subtitling was appropriate in most cases and in a few cases, it was not. The most applied strategy in subtitling the movie was translation by paraphrase using a related word with 43.3%, and the least was translation by omission with 1.6%. Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation was not used by Netflix subtitler. In addition, the analysis showed that the translation was target-oriented rather than source-oriented. The study concluded that the subtitling was appropriate and served the target audience. Keywords: Subtitling, The Alley movies, Baker’s translation strategies, Jordan, Culture-specific terms

Abstract Translating riddles may be regarded as a problem that encounters a translator, especially in a literary text; then, the quality of the translation may hinder the reader’s comprehension of the target text. The problem arises when the target text lacks a humorous effect on readers, hence it is less relevant to the target language. Therefore, this descriptive qualitative study aimed to assess the translation quality of riddles from English into Arabic from a relevance-theoretic perspective. According to relevance theory, translation quality is determined by searching for and achieving the optimal relevance between the target and the source text. Thus, the translation of riddles is considered a process for reaching optimal relevance of humour in the riddles between the source text and the target audience. To this end, five sample riddles were selected from Shakespeare's Hamlet and two versions of Arabic translations of this play, Jabra Ibrahim Jabra and Khalil Mutran. The findings showed Jabra’s translation achieves a more powerful communicative effect with less cognitive effort than Mutran's, meaning that it is more effective in maintaining explicit and implicit content. Mutran’s translation, though creative, is less effective in understanding the meaning of the target text as the reader exerts more cognitive effort with less communicative effect. This means that trying to fit one's target language conventions to the source language conventions would decrease the relevance of the source text to the target one and would not maintain the explicit and implicit content of the source text. Keywords: Cognitive Effort, Communicative Effect, Relevance Theory, Riddle, Translation Quality Assessment