Journal of Language Studies

Abstract This study dealt with the definition of Thamudic writing and the other names that were given to it throughout ancient times and eras, and an explanation of the reason for calling this writing by this name, and the definition of these peoples, and the relationship of this type of script to the Arabic script, and the similarities between them in terms of letters, and how to write those letters, and their number, and most of the inscriptions that the researchers found were There is clear evidence that there is a slight similarity between this type of writing and Arabic writing.

Abstract Our research deals with the topic (the transfer of meaning from the concrete to the abstract), distributed among the sections on semantics in the book Al-Mufradat fi Ghareeb Al-Qur’an by Al-Raghib Al-Isfahani (d. 502 AH), which is one of the most prominent linguistic works concerned with the origins of words, especially the Qur’anic ones. The research has shown that Al-Raghib often focused on the meaning of words and traced the development that occurred in them while pointing to their manifestations, including that he attributed many abstract mental meanings to sensory origins, while revealing the origins of Quranic words. This indicates that ancient linguists have contributed to and founded research on modern semantics, and that they are aware of what modern linguistics has decided that the sensory is prior to the existence of the abstract mental, and that the sensory is its origin, and this is what we tried to find out and confirm in this study by monitoring its examples. In an old linguistic book.

Abstract What draws attention is the multiplicity of critical readings of Al-Mutanabbi’s poem (And the Warmest of His Two Hearts), which touches the hearts of hearts across different literary eras. Therefore, I wanted to focus on applying the theory of reading and interpretation to this poem, starting from the three axes of the theory, which are in order: The first reading of the text is the reading of the admiring reader. Then, the important stage is the stage of the critical reader of the text, which is called the moment of interpretation, which determines the areas of beauty and creativity in the text, moving to the last moment in which the basic meaning that the poet sought becomes clear, through the historical introspection of the text, which is called Modern critics consider the stage of understanding, which is closely linked to the second stage in our mathematical and psychological analysis of the text, starting from the text itself through two prominent phenomena in it: double opposition and parallelism, passing through the critics who tried to internalize this text secondly, especially the study of Dr. Abdul Salam Al-Masdi (Readings with... Al-Shabi, Al-Mutanabbi, Al-Jahiz, and Ibn Khaldun), and the study of Dr. Abdul Hadi Khudair Nishan (theoretical readings in Al-Mutanabbi’s poetry), and from God, success.

Abstract This research study with an important translation aspect: the relationship between human translation and electronic translation. which included different titles starting with the topic of translation, in which we touched an overview of translation and the definition of translation in the modern context as referring to a linguistic act or transferring meaning from one language to another within the language itself and the most important problems facing the translator, Then we touched on the definition of electronic translation, which is the machine translation of content from one language to another without human hands, the definition of computer and the language of the machine. And we concluded our research with a comparative applied study of selected Hebrew poetry texts where we produced models of Hebrew poetry texts with mention of human translation and electronic translation of poetry texts, We pointed to the degree of similarity between human and machine translation, as well as the proposed translation of poetry texts.

Abstract In Hebrew culture, there is a tendency to view spoken language with suspicion. There are those who diagnose "slang" as the speech of those who are uneducated. This relationship expresses a polar approach to language, a tendency to divide it into two parts. The standard (super level) written language is the legitimate unit and the language of speach they strive to correct. A large part of slang predominates in colloquial Hebrew speech, uttered with good will, being constructed from the spontaneity of conversation, without planning or editing. While another part gets created consciously and deliberately, for the sake of pleasure that expresses the human nature of renewal, recovery and rebellion. We also find that the normative approach has dominated the Hebrew culture, which dealt with written sources as the only legitimate language, while ignoring the spoken language. This conservative approach is the reason for not studying the spoken language for many years, which means that there will be no documentation and recording of this language in the early years of the establishment of the Zionist entity in Palestine. The development of language is considered one of the greatest achievements of the Zionist movement. In the early years of the Hebrew language revival, the Hebrew language revivers did not differentiate between written and spoken language, and believed that deviations in speech would be corrected when they were able to master the language just as misspellings. Today, the spoken language has priority in Hebrew linguistic research, because of its historical precedence, and there is a clear distinction between languages that stems from the different nature of each medium.

Abstract This study is entitled “Hebrew, Arabic and Aramaic verbs of motion: a comparative study in Semitic languages (in syntax and semantics)” examines the definition, classification, grammatical and semantic roles of Hebrew, Arabic and Aramaic verbs of motion. The study also highlights the agreement and the differences between the three languages, especially in relation to their verbs. The study begins by presenting comprehensive definition of verbs of motion in Hebrew, Arabic and Aramaic it delves into the various aspects of these verbs, including their syntactic and semantic characteristics then it discusses the classification of these verbs, highlighting the various categories it can be grouped into based on their specific characteristics and usage patterns. in addition, the study examines the grammatical and semantic roles of verbs of motion in those languages. It examines how these movements within sentences contribute to the overall meaning and structure of the language. The study analyzes the syntactic and semantic characteristics of these verbs, and sheds light on their role expressing movement, direction and other related concepts. In addition to discussing the points of similarity and agreement between the verbs of movement in Hebrew, Arabic and Aramaic, the study also highlights the differences between the three languages, especially in relation to their verbs of movement. It examines how these differences are expressed in terms of grammatical structure, semantic nuances, and usage patterns. Overall this study provides a comprehensive analysis of verbs of movement in Hebrew, Arabic and Aramaic. It offers a detailed examination of their definition, classification and grammatical and semantic roles in both language by highlighting the points of agreement and differences in relation to verbs of motion, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of the linguistic characteristics of Hebrew, Arabic and Aramaic.

Abstract This research paper which is entitled “Language Style in Kurdish Poems of Safi Hirani”, studies some theoretical linguistic aspects besides the uses of linguistic forms in Safi Hirani’s poems. Therefore, Safi’s language style can be recognized by the various language components used in his poems. He used some special Kurdish words of his owns in the lines of his poems and arranged them in a style that gives an attractive and wonderful musical tone to the poem. This research adopted descriptive analytical approach related to Swiss stylistic school and the elements of this study are composed of Safi Hirani’s Kurdish poems. This research includes an introduction, two sections, conclusion, bibliography, and the abstract of the research in Arabic and English languages. Accordingly, the content of this study is as follows: Section one covers some aspects of stylistics and the functions of stylistic language, introduction, history of stylistics, definition of stylistics from the perspective of language, the relation between linguistic stylistic and sociolinguistics, linguistic structures of Safi Hirani, reaching the summit, confirmation, terminology and grammatical deviation. Section two includes language styles of Safi Hirani, language style, types of language style, informative (declarative) language style, compositional language style, interrogative language style, imperative language style, wishful thinking language style, appeal language style and negative language style.

Abstract This research demonstrates the tenses and aspects in passive voice in the Kurdish language. The research shows how the patterns and principles of the tenses and aspects and their structures help to distinguish between the passive voice sentences. The research consists of two sections: The first section defines passive voice, describes the peculiarities of passive voice and sheds light on the reasons for passive voice. The second section deals with the tenses differently in terms of their patterns, their order and structure of roots of verb, time morphemes, indicators of passive voice, occurring pronounces peculiar to subject and object, and the time morphemes peculiar to passive voice. The research attempts to illustrate all the structures and each one is explained in a particular table. Also, all the tenses and aspects in passive voice and classified for further clarity. The research concludes with some findings.

Abstract The research entitled (meaning of word differences according to environmental theory) is an attempt to present and show the words of language, which have different meanings according to different environments They are vague because they belong to more than one semantic field, but by including them in morphology and syntax, which are two environments of language, their meaning becomes clear. Vague objects exist at different levels of language (Environmental theory plays an important role in explaining blindness, especially morphological blindness, so the environment helps to achieve the most appropriate purpose.

Abstract In linguistics, especially in communication, code-switching, or skipping from one linguistic code (dialect or a language) to another, as a reference to the use of several languages or several dialects together, usually occurs in multilingualism groups that the speaker uses the elements of multiple diverse languages. This process is related to a number of factors, principles and specific circumstances. Khanaqin City is one of these areas where this phenomenon is witnessed and worth studying, this by taking its geographical location and political situation into consideration, and their influences on this linguistics phenomenon. Consequently, this study which is entitled Code-switching in Kurdish communication "Khanaqin Dialect as an Example", is devoted and intended to demonstrate that in linguistic sphere, it is possible to deal with the phenomenon through speech analysis. i.e., it is attempted that the code-switched linguistic forms of this area to be discussed and studied depending on linguistics criteria. In order to achieve the objectives, descriptive analysis method has been applied in this paper. The structure of the paper in spite of the preface and an introduction of the subject is outlined into two parts as follows: The first part is the theoretical aspect of the research, in a brief introduction of Khanaqin and the use of language there have been presented. The second part is the practical aspect of the study, which adresses the phenomenon of code switching, its principles and types within the scope of the research. It has been strived to elaborate the topics in the form of analysis and providing examples. The results obtained, the list of bibliography, in addition to this summary in Arabic and English languages conclude this effort.

Abstract This paper examines Kamran Mukri's poem “For Awareness” within the framework of Kurdish literary criticism and highlights the moral aspects of despair in the text. It investigates the motivation behind the poem and its intentions. The study points to the role and importance of poetry as a tool in raising awareness about the suffering of the poor and oppressed. It analyzes the historical context, explores the relationship between women, country, and nature, and emphasizes the poet's inner struggle. The study uses a descriptive-analytical method and makes use of an ethical approach to understanding despair. The aim is to contribute to the Kurdish critical discourse on Kamran Mukri's poetry.

Abstract Phrasal verbs belong to fixed expressions and they are well-established, very popular idioms and compromise an integral part of English language .The current paper tackles EFL learners' awareness in determining the correct meaning of some contextualized and decontextualized phrasal verbs. It tries to explore the effect of context as an approach to guess the correct meaning of phrasal verbs. It hypothesizes that context plays an important role in helping students to overcome difficulties they face and hence helps them make inferences to realize the correct meaning of phrasal verbs. In order to test the validity of this hypothesis, (6) English phrasal verbs have been incorporated in two multiple choice tests and then given to (50) EFL learners of English at their 3rd year/stage of study at the English department to choose the correct meaning of phrasal verbs. In the first test , the phrasal verbs were decontextualized and students were asked to choose the correct meaning of them .In the second test , the same students were asked to choose the correct meaning of the same phrasal verbs within their contexts (contextualized). Then, both tests were compared to find out the effect of context. The results show the students' ability in making use of the context and determine the correct meaning of phrasal verbs. This paper concludes that context is a very important factor in helping and enabling EFL learners to make inferences of the meanings of contextualized phrasal verbs.

Abstract The First World War displayed the complicated connection that people have with space as they navigate between the exterior environment and their interior emotional reactions. Among these spaces is the threshold chronotope, which is one of the most notable ones that Mikhail Bakhtin discusses in his article “Forms of the Chronotope in the Novel”. He characterizes this category of space as one that elucidates the demarcation between spaces symbolized by the in-between; it can be summed up in periods of unrest and absence of resolution and decision-making during times of crisis, such as train stations, airports, bridges, and borders; it is also exemplified in the time of anticipation, as when women wait in windows and doors in the time of the war. This study aims to examine the poems of Jessie Pope’s war poems in terms of her representation of the chronotope of threshold based on the spatial perspectives of Bakhtin. During wartime, this space category has a direct impact on the experiences of women and soldiers. Pope, despite her supportive and encouraging stance and her explicit response towards war through her patriotic poems for soldiers during the time of the war; however, she employs threshold chronotope to address the challenging issues and situations that arise during times of crisis, including isolation, fragmentation, separation, distance, marginalization, and restriction. She employs metaphor to represent this form of chronotope, as areas that affect women’s lives as poets, ordinary citizens, and soldiers who are the women’s sons, brothers, husbands, and friends. Finally, Pope’s portrayal of space as a crisis-ridden environment that befalls both women and soldiers corresponds with Bakhtin’s definition of the concept of the threshold.

Abstract In the majority of her poems, Louise Glück fixes a great deal of her attention on traumatized female characters that are taken from different historical periods mainly by relying on Greco-Roman myths. Peculiar to her poetry, the common ground that linked, links, and will link female figures through time is the unchanging fact of being traumatized. Glück's personal experience, which is deeply interwoven with these characters as she attempts to express not only her own trauma but the trauma of women in her time, will be explored and highlighted. In the selected poems, typically through two main recurring and excessively utilized mediums of expression namely religion and mythology, the presence of evidently traumatized female characters dominates the stage of her dramatized poetic setting. The present study sheds light on PTSD theory pioneered by Cathy Caruth and will give a brief account of Louise Glück's life, her works, and style. It will analyze selected poems from Glück's poetry collection Poems 1962-2012 in the light of trauma theory. The showcased poems reveal how heavily Glück draws on mythology and religion as sources of her poetic output. These poems are Abishag, Persephone the Wonderer, Myth of Devotion, and Gretel in Darkness.

Abstract This study is conducted to investigate the teachers’ attitudes toward inclusive education. The participants are teachers from primary schools who have at least one student with special needs learning within the ordinary class. The study aims to clarify the teachers’ attitudes toward inclusive education and to identify the difficulties of implementing inclusive education, in addition, to showing the role of regular and special education teachers in promoting inclusive education. To achieve the aims of the study, it is worth eliciting the answers from the teachers’ feelings towards inclusive education and finding the challenges faced in the implementation of inclusive education in the basic schools in the city of Duhok. The study structure is based on both primary and secondary sources. The first one is a questionnaire used to collect data from the teachers’ opinions and attitudes, and the second one is the sources from various books, journals, and research articles related to inclusive education. The study also includes the views and thoughts of the researchers as they have experiences in the field. This study has tried to provide some information regarding teachers’ perceptions, challenges, and concerns about implementing Inclusive education in the basic schools in the Kurdistan region. An integrative questionnaire is used as a study design to investigate the teachers’ attitudes. 15 teachers have responded to the questionnaire, namely 8 inclusive education teachers, and 7 regular teachers. These samples are taken by using systematic random sampling to give a fair and equal chance of selection for both types of teachers. The findings indicate that even though some opportunities support inclusive education, regular teachers do not support the idea of having students with disabilities in their classes. The regular teachers do not feel comfortable having students with disabilities in their classes. Consequently, there is a challenge to impede the implementation of inclusive education. Overall, it can be concluded that the teachers lack the awareness, knowledge, and adequate training to be supportive of inclusive education.

Abstract Syllabus is a crucial instructional resource that assists educators with clarification and simplification of subjects and sheds light on the content of a course of study, step by step. It is a crucial aspect of university teaching to provide syllabi for all their offered modules; thus, every instructor requires one to teach a class properly. Instructors, however, always use syllabi to improve their performance and make their teaching better suit students’ needs to learn and gather information to enhance their university education. This study examines how instructors deal with syllabi in terms of designing, adopting and adapting or only adopting them. It; therefore, sheds light on instructor’s expertise in curriculum design in general and the process of syllabus creation and adoption especially. Therefore, eighteen (18) university instructors from the University of Sulaimani and Komar University of Science and Technology have been chosen to answer a questionnaire of six (6) main questions and two (2) sub-questions on syllabus design and adoption. The results show that most of the instructors are unaware of the needed procedures for both designing and adapting previously designed syllabi by experts. Moreover, they do not always take environment analysis into consideration as much as they care about students’ needs when making adjustments to the syllabi that they adopt. Eventually, the study sums up with conclusions and recommendations.

Abstract From the ancient time up to now, the concept of place and its shadow in literary milieu are not passive. This mutual interconnectedness between literature and place considers a complex relationship that weaves many notions within its context. However, in this present paper, the researchers focus on one of the most well-known Iraqi novel which is The Corpse Washer (2013), written by Sinan Antoon (1967-present). Through this novel, the researchers negotiate the traumatic experience of Iraqi people that stems from the trauma of place and its impact on the relationship between human being and environment where they live. By adapting Eco-trauma theory, which is set by Tina Amorok, the researchers conclude that the novelist creates a microcosm to examine the nature of relationship between human being and environment. Based on this fact, they find that Antoon has portrayed the relationship between environment and Iraqi individuals as unsettled relationship due to the traumatic experience that place causes upon Iraqi people. Thus, Antoon's symbolic depiction of the protagonist as a rebellious character comes from the influence of environment upon human beings which formulates their attitudes and understanding. This is clearly depicted by the protagonist Jawed, who always tries to break his relationship with the environment for the sake of achieving his dreams and be an independent man.

Abstract The current study is an extracted paper from an MA thesis that aimed to find out how Kurdish EFL instructors saw the effectiveness of their role as supervisors and how that perspective influenced their cognitive, behavioral, and affective scale of attitudes toward the decisions, made in the classroom concerning challenges which in this study, organically paves the way to examine the relationship between instructors' experiences as teachers and their views, feelings, and attitudes toward instructional leadership in Sulaimani City in Kurdistan region - Iraq. To conduct the study, a descriptive survey research design was employed and a concurrent type of mixed research method was used to enrich the data. The study was carried out in public basic schools in Sulaimani city using a simple random sampling technique. 365 randomly selected teachers filled out questionnaires and 8 supervisors were also included for the interview. Questionnaires and interviews were the main data gathering instrument for this study. Quantitative data collected through the questionnaire was analyzed by using mean scores, frequency, percentage, and independent sample t-test and SPSS version 20 was used for the analysis. Moreover, it aims to highlight the supervisors' perceptions and challenges they face in the implementation of this process, they are explored through a semi-structured interview. Findings of the study indicated that some supervisors display optimism regarding new supervision projects aimed at enhancing the educational system in Sulaimani city. Despite acknowledging certain drawbacks teachers exhibited a negative attitude towards basic school supervision in Sulaimani City and expressed dissatisfaction with how school-based instructional supervision was carried out, highlighting discrepancies in their approaches to fulfilling its objectives. Also, the results unveiled that teacher perceived their supervisors as inadequate in effectively carrying out school-based instruction supervision, leading to their dissatisfaction with the approaches employed in their schools. Furthermore, the study confirmed that various factors negatively impacted teachers' attitudes towards this process. These factors encompassed inappropriate supervisory approaches, supervisors' lack of essential skills and knowledge, diminished trust between teachers and supervisors, teachers' limited awareness of the importance and benefits of the process of supervision, inadequate feedback from supervisors, inadequate communications among teachers and supervisors, the influence of age and gender, as well as a lack of motivations and commitment among experienced teachers to engage collaboratively in implementation of basic school supervision.

Abstract This study explains the collapse and the break of the Grand narrative in Sam Shepard’s “Buried Child” through a postmodern lens. The analysis examines how the play reflects the situations in which the acknowledged Grand narrative is broken inside the little unity of the society, the American family and its consequences. This study argues that “Buried Child” is a well-known and important work of postmodern literature generally that exposes the effects of breaking the Grand narrative’s effects on the individuals of the postmodern era. This study explains postmodernism, the pioneer of the concept of Grand narrative, and how Sam Shepard depicted them in his play.

Abstract Harold Pinter's "The Homecoming" is a play celebrated for its use of fragmentation. The play is known for its fragmented language, structure, and characters' fragmented identities and relationships. Through its fragmentation, the play creates a sense of disorientation and uncertainty, highlighting the characters' struggle to make sense of their experiences and relationships with each other. Harold Pinter is considered one of the most influential British playwrights of the 20th century. His work is often associated with the literary movement known as "Theatre of the Absurd," which emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. Pinter's work has been associated with a number of literary movements, including Overall, "The Homecoming" is a play celebrated for its use of fragmentation, which creates a sense of disorientation and uncertainty central to the play's themes and characters. The play emphasises the characters' struggle for identity and agency in an often oppressive and patriarchal world through its fragmented language and structure